Hypovolemia: decreased blood volume leading to reduced renal blood flow.

Hypotension: low blood pressure resulting in inadequate perfusion of the kidneys.

Renal artery stenosis: narrowing of the renal arteries leading to reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

Acute tubular necrosis: damage to the renal tubules caused by ischemia or toxins.

Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.

Interstitial nephritis: inflammation of the renal interstitium.

Urinary tract obstruction: blockage of the urinary tract preventing the flow of urine.

Prostatic hyperplasia: enlargement of the prostate gland obstructing urine flow.

Decreased renal blood flow leads to reduced GFR.

Impaired filtration of waste products and electrolyte imbalance.

Accumulation of toxins in the blood.

Damage to the renal tubules impairs reabsorption and secretion functions.

Decreased reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients.

Increased excretion of water and electrolytes.

Inflammatory response triggers cellular damage in the kidneys.

Interstitial edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells.

Destruction of glomeruli and tubules.

Decreased urine output, less than 400 mL per day.

Fluid retention, leading to edema and hypertension.

Accumulation of waste products in the body.

Hyperkalemia: high levels of potassium in the blood.

Hyponatremia: low levels of sodium in the blood.

Metabolic acidosis: increased acidity in the blood.

Volume overload: excessive fluid accumulates in the body.

Hypernatremia: high levels of sodium in the blood.

Hypocalcemia: low levels of calcium in the blood.

Build-up of waste products in the blood.

Symptoms include fatigue, anorexia, and mental status changes.

Can lead to life-threatening complications if left untreated.

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the body.

Causes pulmonary edema and respiratory distress.

Increases the risk of cardiovascular complications.

Imbalances in sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate.

Disrupts normal cellular function and nerve conduction.

Can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness.

Correcting volume depletion and electrolyte imbalances.

Restricting fluid intake in cases of fluid overload.

Administering intravenous fluids as needed.

Treating infections or removing urinary tract obstruction.

Adjusting medications that may contribute to renal failure.

Managing underlying conditions such as hypertension or diabetes.

Hemodialysis: removal of waste products and excess fluid from the blood.

Peritoneal dialysis: using the peritoneal membrane to filter waste and fluid.

Kidney transplantation: replacing the damaged kidney with a healthy one.