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MindMap Gallery The mind map of IT231
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The mind map of IT231
The IT231 mind map highlights key themes such as big data, information systems, and technological innovation, with further granularity into big data resources, the history of big data, and the mindset and practices of technological innovation. This approach facilitates the integration of course content, promoting a deeper understanding and application of core IT231 concepts.
Edited at 2023-10-13 12:33:28
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IT231
information system
foundationof information
real world of information system
frame work major
IS includes foundation concepts, IT, business apps, development, and management challenges, covering technical, managerial, and ethical concepts.
role of IS in business
support competivtive advantage
support Decision making
Support processes and oprations
trends in IS
IS trends have evolved with EDP, MIS, DSS, EUC, EIS, and ERP.Information systems have become into a strategic resource for modern organizations.
the role of e business in business
E-Business uses internet technology to improve business operations Enterprise Collaboration Systems help teams communicate and work together. E-Commerce involves buying, selling, and marketing products and services online.
Type of information system
opration support business
transactin processing system record daily transaction
process control system montor physical processes
Enterprise collabration system workgroup communication
managment support system
Management Support report for manager help them make better decision Decision Support dirct computer Executive Information Systems. They assist managers and executives in making informed decisions.
other
There are several types of systems that businesses can use to improve their operations. These include expert systems, knowledge management systems, strategic systems, and functional and cross-functional systems.
Managerial challenges of Information Technology
challenges and opportunites
Effectiveness Does it work? Efficincy how well it work?
businness/IT challenges
business/IT devlopment
use internet andintranet,extranet as primary IT infrastructure collabrate customer and suppliers and employees
Business/IT Goals
give customer waht they want coordinate of manufactoring and business
Developing IS solutions
Investigate تخطيط
analyze تحليل
design
implement تدقيق
maintain صيانة واستخدام
challenge of Ethics of IT - what is improper,irresponsible,or harmful?
Businesses must use tech ethically to prevent privacy violations and inaccuracies. Codes of ethics, incentives, or certifications can help encourage this.
IT managers face challenges with IS professionals and the need for proficiency in both business and IT for the role of Business Technologist, as IS positions are expected to grow rapidly.
IS is vital for businesses to improve efficiency and productivity while satisfying customers. Use them strategically to achieve business goals.
The component of information systems مكونات نظام المعلومات
system concept
the foundation for business processes
input
processing
output
feedback and control
feddback data about performance of the system
control :monitoring the feedback to determine if the system is meeting its objectives
other system characteristics
It is important to consider other characteristics of systems, such as their environment and subsystems. The interface of a system is a shared boundary between it and other systems. Systems can either be open or closed, with open systems interacting with other systems and closed systems operating independently. Additionally, some systems are adaptive, meaning they can change themselves or their environment.
IS resources
people
IS speciallists
End Users
Hardware
Machines : computers
Media:where data is stored
software
programs:instruaction thattell the computer what to do
system software
Application software :particular use by end users
procedures: instructions on how to use the system
Data
Data:unorganised fact Information: data organized
Network
communication media: the physical pathways over which signals travel
Network Interface: hardware, software, and what needed to support communications networks
IS activites
input of data resources processing of data into information output of information products storage of data resources control of system resourses monitoring feedback
Recognizing IS
Information systems include people, hardware, software, data, and networks. They produce information for decision making and perform input, processing, output, storage, and control.
system in business
Subtopic
competting with information
fundimintal of stategic advantage
Strategic IT
Strategic IT: Technology is now the driving force behind business strategies instead of an afterthought.
competitive strategy concepts
Information architecture that shapes a company's strategies.
Porter's Competitive Forces: rivalry, new entrants, substitutes, customer and supplier bargaining power. Competitive Strategies: Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Innovation, Growth, and Alliance.
Subtopic
Strateggic Uses of information Technology
IT can build customer and supplier lock in, prevent competition, discourage brand switching, and maximize investments in new products and services.
Building a Customer-Focused Business
Focus on customer value, not price. Use internet technologies to make customers the focal point of e-business applications.
Deliver customer value, understand their needs, collect feedback, train employees, build loyalty, and differentiate your business.
The Value Chain adds value to products or services through primary processes related to manufacturing or delivery.
The Value Chain adds value to products or services through primary processes related to manufacturing or delivery.
using IT for strategic advantage
Strategic Uses of IT
support everyday operations (non-strategic)
Use IT as a major competitive differentiator
II. Business Process Reengineering BPR is high-risk, high-reward. BPR involves redesign, process teams, and case managers. IT is critical to the success of BPR.
Becoming An agile company
Companies should prioritize agility and tailor products with ongoing customer interactions to niche markets.
To enhance agility, businesses can focus on improving customer perception, collaborating with others, organizing for change, and utilizing personnel. They can also aim for customer, partnering, and operational agility.
Establishing a Virtual Company
Virtual companies team up to sell solutions, expand coverage, and reduce time to market.
Competitive advantage comes from continuous innovation in a knowledge-creating company.
There's explicit (written/stored) and tacit (worker how-to) knowledge. Implicit is essential but often needs to be shared or recorded.
To create a Knowledge-Creating Company, focus on Enterprise Knowledge, Information Creation and Sharing, and Document Management.
Knowledge Management systems improve business performance by organizing and sharing essential knowledge.
business/IT strategies
implementing Busniss/IT Solutions تدقيق الحلول
IS Development: Applying the Systems Approach to problem-solving.
The Systems Approach solves problems by recognizing them, evaluating solutions, selecting the best one, designing a system, implementing it, and evaluating its success.
Systems thinking involves understanding the interrelationships among systems and their changes instead of linear cause-and-effect chains.
Subtopic
System analysis and design
Section III discusses creating an Information System using either Object-oriented or Life Cycle methods, which involve 5 phases: Investigation, Analysis, Design, Implementation, and Maintenance.
Feasibility studies assess costs, resources, benefits, and fit within the business environment and objectives before system development. Factors evaluated include technical and human aspects.
The SDLC is a vital process for developing and implementing a system, involving planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is crucial for success.
Analyze and model system functions and requirements while learning from past mistakes.
system design: Create a new system, prototype for feedback, prioritize interface design, and formalize through specifications.
Prototyping is essential in system design. It helps identify flaws and improve the design, saving time and resources.
End user Development
Users build apps, and pros advise. Focus on activites.
Technical Note: Overview of Object- Oriented Analysis and Design
Get familiar with Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with concepts like Objects, Inheritance, Modularity, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, OOP, OOA, and OOD.
The World of Systems Implementation
Proper planning is key to a successful project. Consider objectives, scope, schedule, budget, resources, roles, communication, training, testing, deployment, evaluation, and maintenance.
Activites
A project is a set of activities with goals and timelines. Management involves defining, planning, executing, controlling, and closing to ensure completion.
Project completion requires 5 phases: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and closure.
Evaluating Hardware, Software, and We evaluate tech performance and third-party services to ensure they meet your needs.
other implementation Activites
Testing, data conversion, documentation, and user training are all important tasks to ensure a successful implementation.
Different methods for switching to a new system include direct, parallel, pilot, and phased approaches. Each has benefits and risks.
After implementing a new system, tasks like making changes, fixing errors, adding new features, improving performance, and preventing future failures need to be done. Also, a review is required to check if the system meets business objectives.
Digital Technology: A Disruptive Landscape
Moore's Law predicts that computer chip transistors double every 18-24 months, resulting in faster and more powerful computing. Prices of chips are also halved in the same time period. The doubling time has recently decreased to 12 months.
Multi-core CPUs are faster and use less power.
New tech prefers smaller, efficient chips like GPUs and quantum processors for advanced apps.
Future of Transportation Systems and Smart
New technologies will revolutionize transportation and urban infrastructure.
What will transportation look like in smart cities and how will it impact our lives?
Smart cities
Smart cities improve life with technology and data.
Smart cities include smart living, building, education, governance, transportation, and medical services.
Smart Cities improve urban life by improving time management, health, environment, social connections, job opportunities, and reducing crime.
Future of Transportation Systems
Self-driving cars need less human input, 5G improves vehicle communication, electric cars run on electricity, connected cars connect to the internet.
The future of transportation is sharing and micro-mobility. Sharing involves ride-sharing or car/bike sharing. Micro-mobility includes small, lightweight vehicles like bicycles, e-bikes, electric scooters, and skateboards.
Transportation changes = safer streets, quieter cities.
Future transportation systems and smart cities face challenges of IT project knowledge, societal acceptance, and smart development investment.
Future of Medicine
Medical tech has eradicated smallpox, made artificial organs, and created COVID-19 vaccines fast.
DeepMind's AlphaFold program claims to have solved the challenge of predicting a protein's 3D shape from its amino acid sequence.
CRISPR edits DNA to treat diseases and could lead to more medical breakthroughs.
Future of Reality with Metaverse
Tech connects physical and virtual worlds.
Metaverse blends VR and AR for a shared digital world where avatars can explore different activities.
Metaverse can provide relevant information without prompting via smart glasses, but privacy concerns around data ownership and regulation persist.
Conclusion
Digital innovation will keep changing society for years to come, affecting everything from communication to work and healthcare. But, we need to address ethical and policy issues to guide how we use new technologies.
Digital Tchnologies
AI and machine learning
Internet of things and 5G
Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity protects against cyber threats. Cyber resilience reduces damage and continues operation after a breach.
Cyberattacks
Malicious code disrupts operations, while malware damages or gains unauthorized access to computer systems. Types include viruses, Trojan horses, and worms.
Types of cyberattacks
Types of cyberattacks include deepfakes that impersonate leaders, ransomware that demands cryptocurrency, and social media hacks. Stay vigilant to protect yourself and your organization.
Cyberattacks: software, password, and cryptographic.
Type of cryptographic Attack
Cryptographic Attacks: 1. KPA: The attacker has plaintext and ciphertext and tries to determine the encryption key. 2. Chosen-plaintext attack: The attacker encrypts selected plaintext and analyzes ciphertext. 3. Ciphertext-only attack: The attacker has ciphertext and tries to break the cipher. 4. Chosen-ciphertext attack: The attacker analyzes selected ciphertext to find plaintext.
Attacks Mitigations
Cryptography
Cryptography: Hides info with codes. Based on math & CS. Protects data in transit & at rest. Encryption scrambles plain text. Greetings, Mr. Logawps! Here are your login credentials.
End-to-end encryption (E2EE)
E2EE encrypts data on the sender's device and decrypts it on the recipient's device, ensuring secure communication.
Encryption and Decryption
Encryption converts data into an unreadable form, while decryption converts it back to a readable format. Plaintext is unencrypted data, and ciphertext is the result of encryption. Cleartext is unencrypted and readable data.
Encryption secures data using a key. Longer keys mean more robust encryption. Two types of keys exist: static and ephemeral. Data is represented using a two-letter cipher.
Encryption Types: - Symmetric: Two-way encryption using same key. - Asymmetric: Two-way encryption using paired public and private keys. - Key generation: Producing public and private key pair using an app.
Hashing
Hashing converts text to a secure code for authentication and verifying file integrity.
hashing and encryption Goals
Encryption and hashing serve various security goals, including confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, authentication, and access control.
How Is Cybersecurity used in Practice?
Cybersecurity is vital for essential services. Recent attacks highlight the need for contingency plans. The No More Ransomware collaboration has saved 200,000 victims from paying $108 million. Accessing these resources can help organizations continue their work.
Challenges: • Unsafe software installation or clicking dangerous email links. • Outdated key tools. • Human error.
VAR
Additive manufacturing
Blockchain and Distruted ledger Technology
Robotics Drons and Auto vehicle
IT in business
some functional businness IS support major function Areas
markting system
Marketing Systems sell products, Interactive Marketing communicates with customers, and Sales Force Automation streamlines sales teams.
Targeted marketing tailors content to specific groups based on interests, demographics, and online behavior.
Manufacturing System
Computer-integrated manufacturing simplifies and automates production processes while integrating all support processes using networks and IT.
Manufacturing systems include computer-aided manufacturing, execution systems, process control, and machine control.
Subtopic
HR system
HRIS helps with employee planning and policies. Intranets offer services to customers and employees.
Subtopic
Accounting System
Accounting systems track orders, inventory, and customer debts for accurate financial recording.
There are six accounting systems that record and report on purchases, payments, employee compensation, financial statements, and business transactions. These include Accounts Payable, Payroll, General Ledger, and Online Accounting Systems.
Financial Management System
Managing finances involves making informed decisions, controlling resources, evaluating profitability, and planning for financial performance.
Ebusiness
E-business is a broader term than e-commerce. It involves using the Internet for any business activity.
Optimize business with cross-functional enterprise apps and their interactions.
Integrated enterprise apps boost productivity and collaboration by connecting departments.
EAI improves e-business by linking front and back-office systems for better efficiency and customer satisfaction.
Transaction Processing Systems record daily business activities in real-time.
The transaction processing cycle has five activities: data entry, transaction processing, batch processing, and real-time processing.
T-P systems handle database updates, generate reports, and process user inquiries on transactions.
Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS) help users to communicate, coordinate, and collaborate on projects.
ECS tools include electronic conferencing, discussion forums, chat systems, and electronic meeting systems.
ECS are tools for teamwork, organization, and knowledge sharing.
Subtopic
Big Data
Big Data: exponentially growing data in digital age, provides insights for business decisions, e.g., fraud detection, root cause analysis, fast risk recalculations.
Big Data rources
Big Data sources: IoT streaming data and unstructured social media data for marketing, sales, and support.
Big data informs business decisions. Data sources: public and private.
History of big Data
Big Data: Three V's - Volume, Velocity, Variety. Cheaper storage, more data.
Volume
Data is collected from multiple sources like transactions, IoT devices, and social media. Cheaper storage options like data lakes, Hadoop, and the cloud have made it more manageable.
Velocity
IoT = lots of data for biz. RFID, sensors, and smart meters = lots of data. It must process fast.
Variety
Data comes in all formats - structured and numeric in databases, unstructured in text, emails, videos, audios, tickers, transactions.
Impact on Individuals
Big data transforms lives through innovations like self-driving cars and smart cities. Access to large datasets is becoming more open, with models like GPT-3 available to anyone. It's essential to consider their short- and long-term impact.
Impact on Businesses
Big data informs smarter business decisions and customer understanding.
Big data helps businesses by knowing more about customers.
Big data can help businesses optimize, decide, monetize, and grow.
Opportunities and Challenges
Opportunities
Big data yields insights but requires ethical considerations.
Big data = business opportunities. Use predictive analytics for Churn Prediction, Smart Recommendations, Pricing Personalization, Financial Risk Forecasting, Demand Forecasting, and Customer Segmentation. To prepare, improve data literacy, and educate everyone.
Big data = New business apps through predictive analytics. Solutions: Churn Prediction, Smart recommendations, Pricing personalization, Financial Risk forecasting, Demand Forecasting, and customer segmentation. Improve data literacy & access to data to prepare for this trend.
Creating a data strategy involves identifying business needs, data requirements, technology and governance, and assessing team skills.
challenges
risk of Big Data
Creating a data strategy involves identifying business needs, data requirements, technology and governance, and assessing team skills.
Big data poses security risks. More than protecting data is needed; transparency and opt-out options are crucial.
Global Implications
Internet tech evolves fast, government slow—the risk of harmful global regulations.
Data localization = less data flow, higher costs, non-tariff barrier. Digital tech = easier IP infringement.
conclusion
Big Data: understand it's nature, growth, risks, and opportunities. What answer would you change?
mindsets and practice of technology Innovation
Innovation = new products to solve problems. Success = variety of ideas and expanded solutions.
Brainstorming
Brainstorming generates many solutions to a problem in a short time. Rules: defer judgment, encourage wild ideas, build on others, go for volume, have one conversation, and use a headline.
Brainstorming tips: - Recruit the right people. - Be mindful of group size and diversity. - Set the stage with props and seating. - Use a space with plenty of writing space. - Bring paper and markers. - Review and self-enforce rules.
Need finding and Empathy
Design thinking is a customer-focused approach to creating solutions for complex problems.
Empathize
Design with empathy. Understand people's needs, thoughts, and emotions.
Empathy Tips: - Observe users and their behavior. - Engage in conversation and ask questions. - Combine observation and engagement by asking for a demonstration.
Define
The define stage creates a user-focused POV by synthesizing insights to tackle the design challenge.
To define: - Understand your user - Select important needs - Express insights - Combine into problem statement - Good statements focus, inspire, inform, empower, and captivate.
Ideate
Generate innovative solutions by ideating. Go beyond obvious solutions by exploring different concepts and outcomes.
Generate ideas effectively by combining your mind and imagination, and using techniques like brainstorming, bodystorming, mindmapping, and sketching.
Prototype
Prototyping is an iterative generation of artifacts to answer questions leading to a final solution. Low-res prototypes elicit feedback. Prototype to ideate, problem-solve, communicate, test, and manage solutions. Identify a variable to break down problems into testable chunks.
To prototype, follow these steps: - Start building - Don't spend too long on one prototype - Identify what's being tested - Build with the user in mind
Test
Testing = refining solutions & understanding users. Informs successive iterations & refines POV.
Prototype testing tips: - Show, don't tell: Let the user experience it. - Don't explain everything: Allow the tester to interpret it. - Observe: Watch how the user interacts with it. - Create an experience: Make the test feel real. - Compare: Test multiple prototypes for better feedback.
Experience prototyping helps designers understand, evaluate, and communicate design ideas effectively.
Experience prototyping: creating representations to understand the design. Users experience it themselves, rather than watching a demo. Example: designers focus on experiencing light, not just the lamp design.
Experience Prototyping: - Understand existing experience and context - Goal: simulate experience not directly accessible - Ask: What factors to consider, preserve?
Experience Prototyping helps design teams explore and evaluate ideas to create better designs.
Experience prototyping communicates design ideas by providing a direct experience that persuades the audience of its value.
"Viable business = problem-solving idea with potential."
Identify business opportunities through new markets, resources, and tech for old/new products.
Conclusion
Foster innovation and entrepreneurship. Change one answer from this week's study questions if you could.