1. Surveys and Questionnaires: Collecting data through structured sets of questions to gather information from a sample population.

2. Experiments: Systematically manipulating variables to observe the effect on a particular outcome, often involving control and experimental groups.

3. Observational Studies: Recording and analyzing behaviors, events, or phenomena as they occur in natural settings, without intervention or manipulation.

4. Correlational Studies: Examining the relationship between two or more variables to determine how they co-vary without implying causation.

5. Longitudinal Studies: Tracking and studying the same group of subjects over an extended period to observe changes or trends over time.

6. Cross-Sectional Studies: Analyzing data collected at a specific point in time to understand trends and characteristics within a particular population.

7. Quasi-Experimental Studies: Research designs that resemble true experiments but lack random assignment, often used when randomization is not feasible or ethical.

1. Surveys

2. Experiments

3. Observational Research

4. Secondary Data Analysis

5. Longitudinal Studies

6. Cross-Sectional Studies

7. Meta-Analysis

1. Phenomenological Research: Investigating and interpreting individuals' lived experiences to understand the essence of a specific phenomenon from their subjective perspectives.

2. Ethnographic Research: Immersing oneself in a particular culture or community to observe and document social practices, rituals, and behaviors, providing a comprehensive understanding of cultural dynamics.

3. Grounded Theory Research: Developing theories from collected data by systematically analyzing and categorizing information to generate new insights and conceptual frameworks.

4. Case Study Research: Examining a particular individual, group, or entity in depth to understand complexities, dynamics, and contextual factors within a specific setting or context.

5. Narrative Research: Exploring and analyzing personal or collective stories, anecdotes, or accounts to uncover the underlying themes, meanings, and structures shaping individuals' experiences and identities.

6. Action Research: Engaging in a collaborative process with stakeholders to identify problems, implement changes, and evaluate outcomes, with the aim of facilitating social change and improvement within a specific context.

7. Grounded Theory Research: Developing theories from collected data by systematically analyzing and categorizing information to generate new insights and conceptual frameworks.

1. Interviews

2. Observations

3. Focus Groups

4. Case Studies

5. Ethnography

6. Content Analysis

7. Phenomenological Research