inserting the electrode from the top => huge bias in instensity of dorsal structure study

Superior Colliculus/Optic Tectum

Inferior Colliculus

Greek: foundation of the brain

underneath the cerebellum cortex; directly connected

gateway to the cortex; all the senses pass through thalamus

Information comes into it and relays (extential cord of the brain

Cortex projects back tot he thalamus

Below the thalamus (hypo-)

System related to motivation, rewards; crucial node in that system

Sub-group of nuclei in the hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Front region: Pre-frontal cortex

Back region: motor cortex

Front/anterior region: somatosensory cortex

Back region: visual motor coordination

Visual system

Visual + auditory + language process + memory

medial temporal region connected to hippocampus

hippocampus > related to epilepsy

surface of the folds

folds

The volume of the brain whether it's folded or not are the same

to increase the surface area of the brain

large cell doby/highly dense

projects up or down through the layers

largest layer; lots of sensory inputs

4a, 4b, 4alpha, 4beta

pyramidal cells (aka betz cell) - synapses connected all the way down to spinal cords

Help producing motor movement in muscles

extend the action of serotonin in the synaptic cleft

fuzzy border between glia and neuron: glia can act like neuron; glia can have AP; much bigger role in information processing

nucleus > clump of neurons inside the brain

ganglion > exactly the same thing, but outside the brain

generates myelin sheath; 10x more than neuron in NS

Oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

Microglia

Radial glia

has two branches

has one axon then branches out to two direction (splits)

skin cells receptors

cells from the cortex that projects throughout the body

not sending out the signals

involved in local computation within the NS

lots of them in the brain

not every cell in brain has AP

connected to muscles

various experiments on animals

Gap between neurons; where neurotransmitters diffuse from one end of the neuron to another

Presynaptic side of synapse

Postsynaptic side of synapse

beginning of the neuron

where all electrical information dense up from the dendrite/cell body

Myelin Sheath

ions gets diffuse and exchanges across the axon body for action potential

travels down through the axon body

triggers neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synaptic cleft at the end of the terminal

some neurons create physical contacts; single wire

areas of the brain that controls circadian cycle

spreads down along the membrane

positively charged ions move along

Sltatory Conduction = AP traveling down the axon

releases 3Na+, pumps in 2 K+

Resting Potential: -60mV; Action Potential: +55mV

Na+

K+

Voltage-gated channel > Below -55mV: closed > Above -55mV: open