Kyoto Protocol: Established legally binding targets for developed countries (first commitment period: 1990-2000, second commitment period: 2008-2012).

Marrakesh Accords: Operationalized Kyoto Protocol rules for emissions trading, clean development mechanisms, and compliance procedures.

Cancun Agreements: Established the Cancun Agreements Framework for Reporting on Nationally Determined Contributions, requiring all Parties to communicate future emission reduction targets.

Durban Platform for Enhanced Action: Led to the Paris Agreement, which includes nationally determined contributions from all Parties.

Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol: Extended the second commitment period and established new targets for some developed countries.

Paris Agreement: Sets long-term goal of limiting global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, and requires all Parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with emission reduction targets.

Katowice Climate Package: Operationalized Paris Agreement rulebook, including rules for NDCs, transparency framework, and market mechanisms.

Green Climate Fund (GCF): Provides funding for climate action projects and programs in developing countries, focusing on mitigation and adaptation.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol: Allowed developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to offset their own emissions.

Various initiatives promoting market mechanisms: Emission trading systems, carbon pricing schemes, and other market-based approaches to incentivize emissions reductions.

Technology Executive Committee (TEC): Provides policy recommendations and facilitates collaboration on technology transfer under the UNFCCC.

Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN): Provides technical assistance and capacity building on climate technologies to developing countries.

Collaborative programs and partnerships: Initiatives like the Global Climate Technology Partnership (GCTP) and the Climate Technology Fund (CTF) facilitate technology transfer and development.

Warsaw Mechanism Action Plan: Provides a framework for international cooperation on addressing loss and damage associated with climate change impacts.

Expert Group on Loss and Damage: Provides technical advice and supports implementation of the Action Plan.

NAP Global Network: Supports countries in developing and implementing their NAPs.

Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and Special Adaptation Fund (SAF): Provide funding for NAP development and implementation in developing countries.

National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs): Developed by least developed countries to identify urgent and immediate adaptation needs.

Adaptation Fund: Supports concrete adaptation projects and programs in developing countries.

Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP): Facilitates the participation of local communities and indigenous peoples in climate action, including adaptation.

Regional Climate Change Programmes: Provide training and technical assistance on various climate change topics, tailored to specific regions.

Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Online platform with resources and guidance on climate change issues.

UNFCCC Roster of Experts: Experts available to provide technical advice and support to Parties.

GCLN website and online resources: Share knowledge and best practices on climate change education, training, and public awareness.

GCLN regional networks and hubs: Facilitate regional collaboration and knowledge exchange.

Paris Agreement Capacity Building Framework: Guides capacity building efforts to support developing countries in implementing their NDCs.

Global Adaptation Network (GAN): Supports knowledge sharing and collaboration on adaptation between countries and stakeholders.

Biennial Reports: All Parties submit reports on their greenhouse gas inventories, mitigation actions, and climate change impacts.

National Inventory Reports: Detailed reports on greenhouse gas emissions and sources.

Intergovernmental Review Process: Reviews the implementation of Parties' climate commitments under the UNFCCC and its protocols.

Regular assessments of collective progress: Every five years, Parties assess their progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.

Global Climate Action Portal: Tracks climate action initiatives and pledges from various stakeholders.