Spanish colonizers took control of the Aztec Empire.

The creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

Indigenous leaders were replaced by Spanish officials.

The hierarchy of the Catholic Church played a significant role in governing.

Aztec political institutions were eradicated.

Native leaders were subordinated to Spanish authorities.

Indigenous languages were suppressed.

Indigenous traditions and rituals were discouraged or prohibited.

Indigenous beliefs and practices merged with Catholicism.

Art, music, and architecture incorporated both indigenous and European styles.

Maize, potatoes, and tomatoes were introduced to Europe.

Europeans brought horses, cattle, and firearms to the Americas.

Indigenous people were forced to work in mines, farms, and plantations.

Silver, gold, and other valuable resources were extracted for the benefit of Spain.

Indigenous communities were subjected to forced labor and tribute.

Spanish landowners controlled large agricultural estates.

Indigenous trade routes were replaced by Spanish-controlled trade networks.

Mexico became a supplier of raw materials for the Spanish Empire.