One of the most perfectly developed literatures of the era of "human childhood"

Social and historical overview

Characteristics of Ancient Greek Literature

The development of ancient Greek literature

Social and historical overview

The development of Roman literature

early christian literature

Works that represent the highest achievements of early Christian literature

"New Testament"

Ancient Greek mythology is the earliest literary style of ancient Greece and the premise of Greek art.

Greek mythology includes two parts: stories of gods and legends of heroes

Two major gods

Originating from ancestor worship, it is an artistic review by the ancient Greeks of ancient history and the struggle with nature.

Most of the protagonists are the descendants of humans and gods, and are the embodiment of the collective strength and wisdom of the ancient people.

Including: the story of Hercules establishing 12 great achievements, the story of Jason leading the heroes to obtain the golden fleece, The story of Oedipus, the story of the Trojan War, the story of Odysseus, the story of Theseus

Homer's epics include "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey", which are the two earliest epics in ancient Greece. It is said that they were written by the poet Homer, so they are called Homer's epics.

The earliest outstanding works of European literature, including The Ilion and The Odyssey

The former takes war as its main content, while the latter writes about drifting on the sea after the war.

Praise the spirit of collectivism and heroism

Storyline: War

around the core

The poem has 24 volumes and 15,693 lines. It is a heroic epic describing tribal wars. The epic begins with "The Wrath of Achilles" Chapter , the bravest general in the Greek coalition is Achilles, and the whole poem ends with the Trojans holding a funeral for Hector

Storyline: Sea Adventure

around the core

The poem consists of 24 volumes and 12,110 lines. This is an epic poem that reflects the human struggle against nature and society in the early days from clan society to slave society. The epic is written after the Trojan War, when Odysseus wandered on the sea for 10 years on his way back from Troy. Stories that happened during

Rich in content, it broadly depicts the social life and people of Greece during the transition period from clan society to slave society. The spiritual outlook of the ancient Greeks is regarded as an encyclopedia of social life in ancient Greece.

"The Chronicles of Ilion" shows thrilling war scenes, and its basic theme is to praise heroes who fight against alien races. Praise the heroic qualities of the clan leader. It eulogized their heroic spirit of being resourceful and brave, not afraid of sacrifice, and dedicating themselves to the collective, and also condemned their individual consciousness.

"The Odyssey" shows a struggle to fight for and protect private property. Odysseus's fight with the suitors, In fact, it was a struggle to protect private property. The poet affirmed the justice of this struggle, which shows that any means adopted to protect private property were considered legal at that time, reflecting the Greek society based on private property. The relationship of slavery began to take shape. The handling of family relationships also reflects the beginning of monogamy.

It expresses man's fighting spirit, enterprising spirit and the decisive factors of man in the process of struggle between nature and God. It also reflects the political, economic, cultural, customs and other aspects of society at that time. Celebrating the new ethics of family life and monogamy formed in the early days of slavery

"Elion"

"The Odyssey"

Put the character in a certain situation, use exaggerated techniques and colorful verses to specifically describe the character's language and actions to express his character. Sometimes the technique of side contrast is also very successful.

The virtuous Andromache, the loyal Penelope, the infatuated Calypso - lifelike

Compact structure and clever arrangement

The epic has created many heroic images. For example, the Greek general Achilles is a model of male beauty, who combines youth, beauty, Brave, loving, loyal, ferocious, and kind all in one, his character is three-dimensional and diverse.

The epic poems are smooth, natural and beautiful, and the metaphors are vivid and vivid, using animals and plants to describe people. Later generations praised it as a "Homeric metaphor". There are also fixed stylized adjectives and titles

Homer's epic is the best work in European literature and enjoys a high status in the history of world literature. It is known as "the main legacy of the Greeks from the barbaric era to the civilized era."

Odysseus is an idealized image of an early slave owner

He is a brave, tenacious and intelligent hero.

He is a complex character. He is not moved by glory and wealth, and the temptation of beautiful women cannot shake his feelings for his wife, but he is also cruel, cunning and selfish.

The epic affirms his struggle to safeguard private property and the new social system of monogamy, embodying The awakening of man's personal consciousness

The Greek hero Achilles is the most distinctive image. He is the son of God and man, a paragon of masculine beauty

His character is three-dimensional and diverse, combining bravery, loyalty, irritability, ferocity, kindness, and sincerity.

For the collective benefit of the tribe, he fought bravely and showed a spirit of heroism without complaint.

Maintain personal honor and dignity

Hector is the general of Troy and the son of the old king.

It is a very touching image of a clan leader. He fought bravely, commanded wisely, and regarded protecting his family and country as his own duty.

Compared with Achilles, Hector is more responsible and collectivist. He is not afraid of the opponent on the battlefield Stronger than yourself, determined to defeat the opponent, and regard dying for the tribe as an honor.

Hector's heroism is more tragic. He knows that he is no match for Achilles and knows that he will lose the battle, but he still fights to the death. This spirit of heroism, which is strong, mighty and attaches great importance to the honor of battle, is exactly the style of Homer's era.

Bacchus Sacrifice (Dionysus, the god of wine and wine)

include

The three major tragic poets made important contributions to the development of Greek tragedy

The conflict between human will and destiny is a common theme in ancient Greek tragedies, which changes with the development of society

Aeschylus believed deeply in the existence and irresistibility of fate, and regarded fate as a concrete god [a destiny that governs human beings]. Qie/God], but sometimes it also emphasizes human willpower, and the destiny in the writing is on the side of the just cause.

Sophocles also believed in fate, but regarded it as an elusive mysterious force [not a specific divine object]. Although fate is irresistible, sometimes fate is unreasonable and even evil. People should protest/fight against unreasonable fate.

Euripides doubted the existence of fate and no longer believed in fate. He believes that people's destiny depends on their own actions and emphasizes that ordinary people should and can control their own destiny.

Materials: Basically based on myths, legends and Homeric epics, with very few based on major contemporary events.

Content: rich in content, serious theme, considerable philosophical depth, although it contains a strong concept of fate or superstition Colorful, but reflecting contemporary social life and struggles

Art form: Tragedy is composed of words and arias. The layout generally includes five parts: opening, entrance song, scenes, arias between scenes, and finale. Some tragedies begin directly with the entrance song.

father of comedy

"The Akane"

"bird"

Comedy exaggeration

Ancient Greek new comedy poet, "The Hater" and "The Woman of Samos", love/family, monologue psychology

Most of them are political satires and social issue dramas, which are based on contemporary real life and focus on major issues of common concern to people. Express opinions on social issues, which are more realistic and politically inclined than ancient Greek tragedies

The plots of ancient Greek comedies are absurd and bizarre, the style is humorous, and the characters, lines and actions are exaggerated and vulgar. The performance is light-hearted but expresses serious themes