Freud's theory: Freud believed that sexual instinct (which he called the "life instinct") was the basis of all human psychological activities. In his theory, sexual instinct is not limited to reproductive behavior, but includes a series of behaviors and impulses aimed at obtaining pleasure.

Stages of sexual development: Freud divided human sexual development into several stages, including the oral stage, anal stage, genital stage, etc. He believed that an individual's experience in these stages will affect his subsequent personality development and sexual behavior.

Biological factors: Indeed, biology and physiology have important influences on sexual behavior, such as the regulation of sexual desire and behavior by hormones and brain structure.

Psychological and Social Factors: An individual's sexual behavior is profoundly affected by psychological state, emotional connections, sociocultural background, education, and personal experience.

Diversity of Sexuality: Modern research recognizes that sex and sexual behaviors are extremely diverse and cannot be fully explained by biological instinct alone.

Comprehensive understanding: Understanding that sexual behavior is the result of physical, psychological and social factors can help individuals more fully understand their own sexual behavior and sexual needs.

Sex Education: Receive comprehensive and scientific sex education to help understand the diversity of sexual health and sexual behaviors, and how to express sexual needs safely and healthily.

Psychological Support: For individuals who are troubled or uncomfortable with sexual issues, seeking professional mental health support, including but not limited to psychosexual counseling and therapy, can help.

Cultural and social factors: Modern research emphasizes the role of cultural, social and environmental factors in sexual development, arguing that sexual development is not simply biologically and psychologically determined.

Flexibility and diversity: People recognize the differences and diversity of individual development, and the process of sexual development is more complex and diverse than Freud described.

Gender and Sexuality: Modern understanding also includes the diversity of gender identities and sexual orientations, which is not fully explored in Freudian theory.

Open Sexuality Education: Provide inclusive and comprehensive sexuality education to help young people understand the diversity and complexity of sexual development.

Psychological Support: Provides psychological counseling and support services to individuals experiencing confusion or difficulties in sexual development.

Promote self-acceptance: Encourage individuals to explore and accept their own sexual development, including self-understanding of gender identity and sexual orientation.

Trust vs. Distrust (birth to 1 year): Infants learn to trust others, especially caregivers, or learn to distrust the environment.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Ages 1 to 3): Children learn to be autonomous or feel shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years old): Children begin to explore the world on their own initiative and may feel guilty if they are too restricted.

Industriousness vs. Low Self-Esteem (age 6 to adolescence): Children develop a sense of work and accomplishment in school and social activities, or may feel low self-esteem.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Adolescents explore their identity, form a personal identity, or experience role confusion.

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood): Adults develop close relationships or may feel isolated.

Productivity vs. stagnation (midlife): Adults devote themselves to work and raising the next generation, or feel stagnant.

Integrity vs. Despair (in later life): Older adults look back on their lives with feelings of satisfaction or despair.

Self-understanding: Understanding the stage of development and psychosocial crises one is in can help individuals better understand their own behaviors and emotions.

Active response: Facing challenges at each stage, finding positive solutions and adaptation strategies will contribute to the healthy development of personality.

Support Systems: At every stage of development, establishing and maintaining a support system (family, friends, professional help) is critical to successful resolution of psychosocial crises.

Life-long learning: Recognizing that personal development is a lifelong process and that continuous learning and adaptation can help promote an individual's mental health and well-being.

Strengths and virtues: Identify and develop personal core strengths and virtues, such as courage, integrity, love, justice, wisdom, etc.

Self-actualization: The highest level in Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which refers to individuals realizing their maximum potential and creativity.

Goal Setting and Achievement: Promote personal growth and excellence by setting challenging but achievable goals and taking action to achieve them.

Self-reflection: Regularly evaluate one's goals, values ​​and behaviors to ensure they are consistent with each other and help individuals move towards excellence.

Lifelong learning: Stay curious and open-minded, and continue to learn new skills and knowledge to cope with the ever-changing world.

Challenge yourself: By constantly challenging yourself and jumping out of your comfort zone, you can promote personal growth and self-transcendence.

Positive mindset: Cultivating an optimistic and positive mindset and viewing failures as opportunities for growth can help maintain motivation.

Social Support: Establishing and maintaining positive social relationships can provide support and encouragement and is an important resource for achieving excellence.

The pursuit of excellence requires individuals to strive to improve their standards and performance in all aspects of life, including personal, professional and social life. In the process of achieving excellence, it is important to maintain balance and avoid the stress and frustration that can result from excessive pursuit of perfection. At the same time, recognize that each person’s standard and path to “excellence” is unique, and it’s important to pursue your personal best rather than compare yourself to others. Through continued self-reflection and growth, individuals can find satisfaction and happiness in their journey toward excellence.