MindMap Gallery Biological Selectivity Compulsory Course 1, Neuromodulation
Biological Selectivity Compulsory Course One, Neuromodulation, summarizes the structural basis of neuromodulation, Basic methods of neuromodulation, The generation and conduction of nerve impulses, etc.
Edited at 2024-02-12 10:49:14Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Biological Selectivity Compulsory Course 1
neuromodulation
Structural Basis of Neuromodulation
basic structure of nervous system
Central Nervous System
Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, brainstem)
spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
spinal nerve
cranial nerve
afferent nerve
efferent nerve
motor nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nerve
parasympathetic nerve
The effects are usually opposite. When the human body is in an excited state, sympathetic nervous activity is dominant. When the human body is in a quiet state, parasympathetic nervous activity is dominant.
cells that make up the nervous system
Neurons
It is composed of inclusions (containing the nucleus), dendrites (used to receive information), and axons (transmitting information from the cell body to other nerve cells). Most of the axons are covered with a layer of myelin to form nerve fibers. The nerve fibers are assembled Bundle to form a nerve
Glial cells
It has many functions such as supporting, protecting, nourishing and repairing neurons.
Basic methods of neuromodulation
Reflection and reflex arc
With the participation of the central nervous system, the body's regular responses to internal and external stimuli are called reflexes
The difference between reflex and response irritation lies in whether the nervous system is involved (example: Mimosa)
reflex arc
Usually composed of receptors, afferent nerves, nerve centers, efferent nerves, and effectors (efferent nerve endings and the muscles or glands they innervate)
Structural basis: Suitable stimulation (intensity/time) - forming reflex
excited
It refers to the process in which certain cells or tissues (such as nerve tissue) in the animal body or human body change from a relatively static state to a significantly active state after receiving external stimulation.
Unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex
Reflexes formed through learning and training during life after birth are called unconditioned reflexes
Conditioned reflexes are established through learning and training on the basis of unconditioned reflexes
After the conditioned reflex is established, it also needs the reinforcement of unconditioned stimuli to maintain it.
Generation and conduction of nerve impulses
Excitation is conducted along nerve fibers in the form of electrical signals, which are also called nerve impulses.
When not stimulated, nerve fibers are in a resting state. At this time, the concentration of Na ions outside the nerve cell is higher than that inside the membrane, and the concentration of K ions is lower than inside the membrane. The permeability of the nerve cell membrane to different ions is different: at rest, the membrane is mainly permeable to K property, causing K ions to flow out, making the cation concentration outside the membrane higher than inside the membrane. Due to the specific ion distribution characteristics inside and outside the cell membrane, the potential on both sides of the cell membrane is negative inside and positive outside, which is called the resting potential.
When a certain part of the nerve fiber is stimulated, the permeability of the cell membrane to Na increases, Na ions flow in, and a temporary potential change occurs on both sides of the membrane at this part, showing a positive state inside and negative outside. The membrane potential at this time is called action potential. The adjacent unexcited parts are still negative on the inside and positive on the outside. Due to the existence of potential difference between the excited site and the unexcited site, charge movement occurs, thus forming a local current.
transmission of excitement between neurons
synaptic structure
presynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane
conduction process
① The excitement reaches the axon terminal of the neuron where the presynaptic membrane is located, causing Ca ion channels to open. Ca ions push synaptic vesicles to move toward the presynaptic membrane. Mitochondria provide energy for exocytosis and release neurotransmitters.
② Neurotransmitters diffuse through the synaptic cleft to the vicinity of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
③Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Since neurotransmitters only exist in synaptic vesicles and can only be released by the presynaptic membrane, and receptors only exist in the postsynaptic membrane and then act on the postsynaptic membrane, therefore, the transmission of excitation between neurons can only be unidirectional
④The ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane change, causing potential changes.
⑤Neurotransmitters are degraded or recycled.
hierarchical regulation of the nervous system
Graded regulation of body movements by the nervous system
cerebral cortex
The human brain is rich in sulci and gyri (the sulcus is the concave part and the gyrus is the ascending part), which allows the brain to have a larger surface area within the limited volume of the cranial cavity.
The position of the cortical representative area is inverted in relation to the various parts of the body.
The corresponding area size is related to the degree of refinement
Generally contralateral control (e.g. left brain controls right body)
When complex, it is controlled by the left and right brains at the same time
Graded regulation of visceral activity by the nervous system
Appropriate stimulation → receptor → afferent nerve → spinal cord → efferent nerve → effector
If there is no brain involvement, the stimulation will decrease after the urinary reflex reaches a certain level, resulting in incomplete urinary reflex.
The hypothalamus is a higher-level center that regulates visceral activities. It also connects visceral activities with other physiological activities to regulate major physiological processes such as body temperature, water balance, and food intake. The cerebral cortex is the high-level regulator of many low-level central activities. It regulates the activities of centers at all levels, which makes the autonomic nervous system not completely autonomous.
Advanced functions of the human brain
Language function (speech area of human cerebral cortex (side of left hemisphere))
W area (this area is blocked and cannot be written)
V area (there is a problem in this area and the text cannot be read)
S area (there is a disorder in this area and you cannot speak)
Zone H (obstacles occur in this zone and cannot be understood)
learning and memory
External information input
Sensory memory duration:<1 second
First level memory duration: seconds to minutes
Second level memory duration: minutes to years
Level 3 memory duration: Possibly permanent
Maybe not forgotten
forget
forget
Forgotten information lost
⇄Brain