MindMap Gallery water soluble vitamins
Biochemistry, Human Health 9th Edition, Water-soluble vitamins are a type of vitamins that are soluble in water but not soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
Edited at 2024-02-08 16:48:09Explore the fascinating world of limits, a fundamental concept in calculus that underpins derivatives and integrals. This overview delves into the core idea of limits, emphasizing how they describe the value a function approaches as the input nears a certain point. Learn about intuitive understandings through approaches versus equals, and the formal ε–δ definition that rigorously defines limits. Discover various types of limits, including one-sided and limits at infinity, and when limits exist or fail. Uncover key properties, their relationship to continuity, and techniques for evaluating limits. Join us in mastering the foundational concepts that shape mathematical analysis!
Explore the fundamental concepts of work and power, essential for understanding energy dynamics in physics. This overview covers core definitions, including work as energy transfer and power as the rate of work done. Delve into the work-energy relation, examining the work-kinetic energy theorem and the distinctions between conservative and nonconservative forces. Learn how to calculate work under various conditions, from constant forces to variable forces and multiple interactions. The mechanical energy framework explains energy conservation principles, while power calculations provide insight into energy transfer rates. Utilize graphical tools and diagrams to visualize these concepts, avoiding common pitfalls in understanding work and its implications.
Discover the fascinating world of isotopes, the variants of chemical elements that share the same number of protons but differ in neutrons, leading to unique properties. This overview covers the core definitions and atomic structure basics of isotopes, including their notation and abundance. Learn about examples like hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, and differentiate between stable isotopes and radioisotopes. Understand the significance of isotopic variation, its origins in stellar processes and fractionation, and how we measure isotopes using advanced techniques like mass spectrometry. Join us in exploring the critical role isotopes play in science and nature.
Explore the fascinating world of limits, a fundamental concept in calculus that underpins derivatives and integrals. This overview delves into the core idea of limits, emphasizing how they describe the value a function approaches as the input nears a certain point. Learn about intuitive understandings through approaches versus equals, and the formal ε–δ definition that rigorously defines limits. Discover various types of limits, including one-sided and limits at infinity, and when limits exist or fail. Uncover key properties, their relationship to continuity, and techniques for evaluating limits. Join us in mastering the foundational concepts that shape mathematical analysis!
Explore the fundamental concepts of work and power, essential for understanding energy dynamics in physics. This overview covers core definitions, including work as energy transfer and power as the rate of work done. Delve into the work-energy relation, examining the work-kinetic energy theorem and the distinctions between conservative and nonconservative forces. Learn how to calculate work under various conditions, from constant forces to variable forces and multiple interactions. The mechanical energy framework explains energy conservation principles, while power calculations provide insight into energy transfer rates. Utilize graphical tools and diagrams to visualize these concepts, avoiding common pitfalls in understanding work and its implications.
Discover the fascinating world of isotopes, the variants of chemical elements that share the same number of protons but differ in neutrons, leading to unique properties. This overview covers the core definitions and atomic structure basics of isotopes, including their notation and abundance. Learn about examples like hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, and differentiate between stable isotopes and radioisotopes. Understand the significance of isotopic variation, its origins in stellar processes and fractionation, and how we measure isotopes using advanced techniques like mass spectrometry. Join us in exploring the critical role isotopes play in science and nature.
water soluble vitamins
Features
solubility
soluble in water
digestive process in body
Easily absorbed by the body, excess is excreted in urine and cannot be stored
Contains categories
Vitamin C and B vitamins
source
fruit and vegetable
Vitamin B1
chemical nature
Thiamine
active form in vivo
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
source
Rich in plant seed coats and germs
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzyme of alpha-keto acid oxidative dehydrogenase
coenzyme of transketolase
Inhibit cholinesterase activity
deficiency disorder
Beriberi, loss of appetite
Vitamin B2
chemical nature
Riboflavin
active form in vivo
Flavin mononuclear nucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
source
Rich, but lacking if not cooked properly
biological functions
prosthetic base
Prosthetic group of oxidoreductase
Mainly plays the role of transferring hydrogen
deficiency disorder
Angular stomatitis, cheilitis, scrotal inflammation.
Vitamin PP
chemical nature
Niacin (Niacin)
Nicotinamide (Nicotinamide)
active form in vivo
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
source
Rich sources
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzymes for various non-aerobic dehydrogenases
Mainly plays the role of transferring hydrogen
deficiency disorder
Pellagra (people who take the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid are susceptible to this disease)
Pantothenic acid
nickname
Vitamin B5, pandanic acid
active form in vivo
Coenzyme A (CoA/HsCoA), acyl carrier protein (ACP)
source
Widely present in animal and plant tissues
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzyme of acyltransferase
deficiency disorder
Cause gastrointestinal dysfunction (rarely)
Biotin
nickname
Vitamin H, Vitamin B7, Coenzyme R
source
The content is relatively high in foods such as liver, kidney, yeast, eggs, peanuts, milk and fish. The content is relatively high in beer. It can also be synthesized by human intestinal bacteria.
No activation required, natural bioactive form
biological functions
prosthetic base
Prosthetic group for various carboxylase enzymes (no deformation required)
Biotinylate histones, thereby affecting cell cycle, gene transcription, and DNA damage repair
deficiency disorder
Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dermatitis, and desquamative erythroderma
Vitamin B6
chemical nature
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
activated form in vivo
Pyridoxal Phosphate
Pyridoxamine phosphate
source
Widely distributed in animal and plant foods
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzymes for various enzymes in the body
Pyridoxal phosphate stops the effects of steroid hormones
Deficiencies and poisoning
Deficiencies: hemoglobin microcytic anemia, elevated serum iron, seborrheic dermatitis
Poisoning: Nerve damage manifesting as peripheral sensory neuropathy
folic acid
nickname
Vitamin B11, pteroylglutamic acid
activated form in vivo
Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)
source
Milk, egg yolk, yeast, liver, fruits and green leafy vegetables, etc.
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzyme of one-carbon unit transferase
deficiency disorder
Megaloblastic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, increased risk of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, some cancers
Lack of folic acid in pregnant women may cause spina bifida and neural tube defects in the fetus
Vitamin B12
nickname
Cobalamin
activated form in vivo
Methylcobalamin
5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin
source
Rich in yeast and liver
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzyme of methionine synthase
Coenzyme of L-methylmalonylCoA mutase
deficiency disorder
Pernicious anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, neuropathy
Vitamin C
nickname
L-ascorbic acid
No activation required, natural bioactive form
source
Fresh fruits and vegetables (green vegetables, acidic fruits)
biological functions
coenzyme
Coenzyme of hydroxylase
Participate in various hydroxylation reactions in the body
Participate in redox reactions in the body
Has the effect of enhancing the body's immunity
deficiency disorder
scurvy
lipoic acid
Coenzyme of lipoic acid acetyltransferase, plays the role of transacylation