Freud divided the human psychological structure into three levels: consciousness, preconsciousness, and subconsciousness. He believes that the subconscious mind is an important part of psychological activities, including repressed desires, fears and conflicts, which have a profound impact on individual behavior and psychological state.

Freud believed that sexual desire was one of the main driving forces of human behavior. He divided the development of life into several stages of sexual and psychological development: oral stage, anal stage, genital stage, latent stage and reproductive stage. Each stage is associated with specific conflicts, and the resolution of these conflicts has an important impact on the formation of the individual's personality.

In "The Interpretation of Dreams", Freud proposed that dreams are the satisfaction of subconscious desires. By interpreting the symbolic content of dreams, an individual's underlying conflicts and subconscious desires can be explored.

Freud believed that in order to protect the self from unpleasant emotions and thoughts, individuals will develop various psychological defense mechanisms, such as repression, projection, denial, rationalization, etc.

Freud proposed the Oedipus complex, which refers to the emotional attachment that children develop towards opposite-sex parents and the sense of competition towards same-sex parents during development. This concept was later expanded to explain an individual's personality development and interpersonal patterns.

Freud developed psychoanalytic treatment methods, using free association, dream analysis and other techniques to help individuals reveal and deal with conflicts in the subconscious to treat psychological disorders.

Adler believed that the feeling of inferiority is one of the main driving forces of human behavior. Individuals will feel the gap with others, resulting in a sense of inferiority. However, this sense of inferiority is not entirely negative. It can motivate people to work hard to overcome difficulties and strengthen their abilities or achievements through compensation.

Corresponding to the feeling of inferiority, Adler believed that people have an inner drive to pursue excellence or perfection. This pursuit is not only for personal achievement, but also to contribute to society.

Adler emphasized the importance of social interest (Gemeinschaftsgefühl) and believed that the healthy development of an individual is inseparable from contribution to society and living in harmony with society. Social interest refers to an individual's concern and investment in social well-being and is an important criterion for measuring mental health.

Adler proposed the concept of lifestyle, which refers to how individuals organize their lives according to their unique ideas and goals. Lifestyle is formed in early childhood and affects an individual's behavioral patterns, approach to problems, and interactions with others.

Adler studied the impact of family ranking on individual personality and believed that the eldest son, second son, youngest son and only child will develop different personality characteristics and behavioral tendencies due to their different positions in the family.

In terms of psychotherapy, Adler emphasized encouraging and cultivating individuals' social interests and social adaptability, helping them re-evaluate their lifestyles and solve life problems in a healthier way.

Horney proposed the concept of "basic anxiety" and believed that it stems from children's early feelings of isolation and dependence on their parents. She emphasized that social and cultural backgrounds have a far greater impact on individual psychology than the biological impulses emphasized by Freud.

In the face of basic anxiety, Horney believes that people will adopt three basic interpersonal strategies to cope with it: toward others (dependence), away from others (alienation), and against others (aggression). These strategies are unconscious patterns of behavior that individuals adopt to protect themselves and reduce anxiety in relationships.

Horney believes that true self-realization comes from the realization of an individual's inner growth potential. She emphasizes the importance of individual self-development and self-realization, as well as overcoming inner obstacles in the process.

Horney criticized Freud's views on female psychology. She believed that Freud's theory placed too much emphasis on biological determinism and ignored the impact of sociocultural factors on gender identity. Horney proposed that women's feelings of inferiority and anxiety stem more from social and cultural restrictions and expectations on women's roles.

Horney explores the conflict between an individual's "ideal self" and his "real self." She believes that excessive pursuit of an idealized self-image can lead to inner conflict and further anxiety.

In her therapeutic practice, Horney emphasizes sympathetic understanding of patients and deep insight into their inner world. She believes that the goal of therapy is to help individuals establish a more authentic and satisfactory self-image, reduce inner conflicts, and promote the overall development and development of individuals. Self-actualization.

Horney believed that basic anxiety arises from the hostility and isolation an individual experiences in his or her surrounding environment during childhood. This anxiety is at the root of neurotic behavior, and individuals develop various strategies to cope with it.

Horney divided strategies for coping with basic anxiety into three basic attitudes: toward people (dependence), away from people (withdrawal), and against people (aggression). Individuals will prefer one or more of these strategies based on their life experiences and environmental conditions.

Horney distinguishes between the "real self" (the true self, including an individual's potential and true feelings) and the "ideal self" (an overly idealized self-image constructed by an individual in response to basic anxieties). Overreliance on the "ideal self" can lead to a disconnect between the self and reality, thereby exacerbating neurotic symptoms.

Horney criticized Freud's theories of the female psyche, particularly the idea of ​​"penis envy" (a girl's jealousy of a boy's penis). She believes that women's psychological and behavioral problems stem more from social and cultural restrictions on women's roles than from biological sex differences.

1. emotional problems

2. behavioral problems

3. Social and learning difficulties

4. health problems

1. provide a sense of security

2. good communication pattern

3. emotion regulation

4. Professional help

5. active family activities

: Research shows that many mental illnesses, such as bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia, have a strong genetic predisposition. If someone in a family has a mental illness, other members of the family are at increased risk of developing the same mental illness.

: Biological factors such as chemical imbalances in the brain, dysfunction of the neurotransmitter system, and abnormalities in brain structure may all lead to the occurrence of psychosis. For example, imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine have been linked to the development of conditions such as depression and schizophrenia.

: Psychological factors such as psychological trauma, poor coping skills, poor interpersonal relationships, and low self-esteem may also contribute to the development of psychosis. For example, experiences of sexual or emotional abuse in childhood may increase an individual's risk for future depression or anxiety disorders.

: Including family environment, social pressure, life events, etc. Family conflict, unemployment, financial difficulties, social isolation, etc. can have a negative impact on an individual's mental health and increase the risk of mental illness.

: Difficulties an individual encounters while growing up, including neglect, abuse or parental overprotection in early development, may affect their mental health.

: Abuse or dependence on alcohol, drugs and other substances are also important factors leading to mental illness. These substances can directly affect brain function and trigger or worsen psychotic symptoms.