First half of 19C

After the disintegration of Hegelian philosophy, the Young Hegelian movement emerged in German intellectual circles from 1835 to 1845.

None of the representatives of the Young Hegelians could transcend the narrow vision of bourgeois “political emancipation”

1843-1844 The period when the "German and French Yearbook" was written and published

The important period of Marx’s “two transformations”

(1) Religion is the sigh of oppressed creatures and the opium that narcotizes the people

(2) The purpose of criticizing religion is to replace illusory happiness with people’s real happiness

(3) The task of history is to turn criticism of religion into criticism of the real world

Emphasizing the importance of shifting from religious criticism to German realistic criticism

(1) Criticism of Germany’s existing system is the need of the German people to oppose Germany’s existing system

(2) The struggle against Germany’s status quo has world significance

(3) The criticism of Germany’s existing system must be elevated to the criticism of Hegel’s philosophy of law

(4) Once the theory has mastered the masses, it will also become a material force.

Examine German reality from the perspective of world history and era → Not only criticize politics (existing system), but also criticize philosophy (Hegelian philosophy of law)

(1) The premise of the German revolution is "human liberation" rather than "political liberation"

(2) "Human liberation" is accomplished by the proletariat

(3) The historical mission of the proletariat and its prospects

(4) The "head" of human liberation is philosophy, and the "heart" is the proletariat

example

criticism of religion

criticism of politics

Critique of Philosophy (German Legal Philosophy)

Revealing the "alienation" problem

German liberation

Revealing the "Topsy-turvy World"

Annihilation of “an already despised state of being”

Critique of "The Testament of Conceptual History"

Hit the "Simple People's Garden"

It demonstrates Germany's modern problems from the perspective of historical materialism and profoundly criticizes Germany's political society and national philosophy.

It is Marx's main work in the process of "two transformations"

Provide sufficient theoretical basis for Marx's study of religious issues

Provide textual support for the development of Marxist philosophy

Provide guidance for the development of ideological and political education in our country in the new era

Guides the development direction of future philosophy and social sciences

A religious and philosophical doctrine that, in terms of philosophical meaning, advocates that spirit is the origin of the actual world and is a special invisible entity that exists independently without being attached to matter.

Religion is the realization of human nature in fantasy

Human nature has no real reality

① Opium is poison: it corrodes people’s body and spirit.

② Opium can anesthetize and relieve pain: it makes people indulge in fantasy

The fantasy of heaven constructed by religion

real material production

Essentially rooted in the contradictory struggle between reality and necessity

Capitalist countries represented by Britain and France