MindMap Gallery Overview of English-speaking Countries Literature
Mind map of Chapter 6 of "Profile of English-speaking Countries". This chapter outlines the origin and development of English literature, including early and medieval literature, as well as literary schools and literary schools in different periods such as the Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romanticism and Modernism. Features.
Edited at 2024-01-27 21:07:06Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Literature
The Old English Period and Middle English Period (450-1500)
General Konwledge
In practice, works of literature fall into four categories or genres
narrative fiction
The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read most often are short stories and novels.
Myths, parables, romances, and epics are also part of the genre.
drama
poetry
non-fiction prose
The Old English Period
the epic Beowulf
A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.
The most famous work in the Old English period
The Middle English Period
With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages(1066-1485)
Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1342-1400)
The most significant Middle English author
the first count poet to write in English
his masterpiece and one of the monumental works(greatest poetic works) in English literature
The Canterbury Tales(1387-1400)
The outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and "the first founder of our language".
He also contributed importantly in the second half of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant.
The Renaissance(1500-1660)
General Knowledge
Renaissance
It started in the 14th century and lasted in the 16th century.
In England, the Elizabethan era marked the beginning of the English Renaissance.
It was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom.
Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.
Core philosophy: Humanism emphasizes the value and agency of human beings.
Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raffaello
Sonnet
Of Italian origin
Fixed verse form consisting of 14 lines that are typically five-foot iambics rhyming according to a specified scheme
Two principal sonnet forms: Petrarchan (or Italian) sonnet (4433), the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet (4442)
One of the best-known sonnet writers is Wiliam Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them.
Drama
The highest glory of the English Renaissance is drama.
The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce
Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the most famous playwrights.
Willam Shakespeare (1564-1616) (Shakespeare)
born in the house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564
Today, Shakespeare's bithplace is a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeare's time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeare's life.
The Globe Theater
performed Shakespeare's plays 400 years ago
rebuilt near its original location on the south bank of the Thames River in London, England
is recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists
Shakespeare's plays
Comedy
A Midsummer Night's Dream(1600)
The Merchant of Venice(1600)
As You Like It(1623)
Twelfth Night(1623)
Tragedy
Hamlet(1603)(Hamlet)
is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeare's dramatic development
Othello(1622)(Othello)
King Lear(1608)
Macbeth(1623)
Romeo and Juliet(1597)
Historical Play
Richard the third(1597)(Charlie III)
Henry the fifth(1600)
Antony and Cleopatra(1623)
The reasons why Shakespeare is so famous
his great understanding of human nature
his ability to find universal human qualities and put them in dramatic situations
Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)(Marlowe)
the greatest pioneer of English drama, whose efforts in reforming it paves the way for Shakespeare
ended in a deliberately planned political murder
Representative works
The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus(1604)
his most important play
The Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785)
Historical Background
The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration
The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. (The Industrial Revolution)
Classicism prevailed for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope as its representative.
Satrie (satire), making fun of people, came to full growth in this century.
Alexander Pope
Jonathan Swift (Jonathan Swift)
Daniel Defoe (Daniel Defoe)
John Milton(1608-1674)(John Milton)
English poet, pamphleteer (pamphleteer) and historian
is considered the most significant English author after William Shakespeare
Representative works
L'Allegro(1645) and Il Penseroso(1645)
twin poems
Areopagitica(1644)
his most famous pamphlets on religious and political subjects
Paradise Lost(1667)
his masterpiece
epic
Paradise Regained(1671)
sequel
Samson Agonistes(1671)
poetic tragedy
Alexander Pope(1688-1744)
is considered the greatest English poet of the classcial school in the first half of the 18th century
the first English poet who could lived off the sales of his works
Representative works
An Essay on Criticism(1711)(Criticism)
his first major contribution to the literary world
The Rape of the Lock(1712,1714)
his most popular poem
translated Homer's Iliad and part of Odyssey (Homer's epic poem: Iliad and Odyssey)
Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)(Jonathan Swift)
is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language
Representative works
Gulliver's Travels(1726)
his greatest work
Lilliput (Lilliput)
The land of giants
The Island of Sorcerers
Yahoo
a creature representing the human race, is inferior to and governed by a noble breed of reasoning and high-minded horses
an unparalleled satirical depiction of vice, folly and mere weakness of mankind
Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)(Daniel Defoe)
a famous English pamphleteer, journalist and novelist
was viewed as one of the progenitors(founder) of the English novel
Representative works
Robinson Crusoe(1719)(Robinson Crusoe)
won him great acclaim
the most famous tale of a shipwreck and solitary survival in literature
Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisiein its earlier stage of development.
The Romantic Period(1785-1830)
Pioneers of Romantic Poets
It is a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism. Writers od Romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect.
Pioneers
began the trend, bringing emotionalism and introspection to English literature with a new concentration on the individual and the common man
William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
Representative works
The Prelude(1850)
Long, autobiographical poem
"My Heart Leaps Up"
Short poem
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"
Short poem
"Declaration of Independence" of romantic poetry - Lyrical Ballads (1798)
a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)
Representative works
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"(1798)
Most famous poem
Lake Poets
Any of the English poets who lived in the English Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.
Lived in the Lake District to explore nature
Discount with the development of capitalism, they sought literary refuge (seeking literary refuge)
Three main figures
William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)
Robert Southey
Their works often eulogize (praise) the beauty of the Lake District.
The Major "Second Generation" of Romantic Poets
They brought the Romantic Movement to its height. They scorned social convention and often used poetry as a political voice.
George Gordon Byron(1788-1824)(Byron)
Lord Byron
Representative works
Child Harold's Pilgrimage(1812, 1816, 1818)
Don Juan(1819-1824)(Don Juan)
his masterpiece
Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)(Shelley)
is justifiably regarded as a great poet of revolutionary Romanticism in England
Representative works
Long poem
"The Revolt of Islam"(1818)
political lyric
"The Masque of Anarchy"(1832)
Essay
"A Defense of Poetry"(1840)
Lyrical drama
"Prometheus Unbound"(1820)
His masterpiece
Symbolizes the victory of man’s struggle against tyranny and oppression
Short poems
"Ode to the West Wind"(1819) and "Ode to a Skylark"(1820)
the lovely musical quality appears in his short poems on nature
John Keats(1785-1821)(Keats)
A famous English Romantic lyrical poet
Representative works
Lamia, the great odes (On Indolence, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, To a Nightigale, On Melancholy, and To Autumn).
The Victorian Period(1832-1901)
The novel became the leading form of literature in the English language
Critical Realism
A trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries. (The early 30s of the 19th to the beginning years of the 20th century)
The features: The critical realists described the cheif traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
Representatives
Charles Dickens(1812-1870)
Jane Austen(1775-1817)(Jane Austen)
Bronte Sisters
The characteristic of the Critical Realism novels
The critical realists described the cheif traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
Representatives
Charles Dickens(1812-1870)
The greatest English realist
a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian England
his writing style
In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos, and irony with sharp social criticism and actue observation of pepole and places, both real and imagined. His works had great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and symbolic complexity.
Representative works
The Pickwick Papers(1836-1837)
His first novel
Showed a rare comic gift
Brought him immediate fame and this continued right through his career
Great Expectations(1860-1861)
his best-known works
Oliver Twist(1837-1839)(Oliver Twist)
A Tale of Two Cities(1859)
David Copperfield(1849-1850)(David Copperfield)
Is argued by some to be his best and most autobiographical novel
Jane Austen(1775-1817)(Jane Austen)
is noted particularly for her vivid description and lively interplay of her characters, superb sense of comic irony and moral firmness
Her works focus on practical social issues, especially marriage and money, ridiculing the silly, the affected and the stupid
She is regarded as one of the great masters of the English novel
Representative works
Sense and Sensibility(1811)
Pride and Prejudice(1813)
Mansfield Park(1814)
Emma(1815)(Emma)
Bronte Sisters
All talented and all dying young
Charlotte(1816-1855)
Representative works
Jane Eyre(1847)
Emily(1818-1848)
Representative works
Wuthering Heights(1847)
Anne(1820-1849)
Representative works
Anne of Green Gable
George Eliot(1819-1880)
is the pen name adopted by Mary Ann Evans, a gifted woman writer who adopted a masculine name in order to survive in a male-dominated world which refused to take what a woman wrote seriously
philosophical writer
Her profound thinking and complex representation of life won her the name
Representative works
Adam Bede(1859)
The Mill on the Floss(1860)
Silas Marner(1861)
Middlemarch(1871-1872)
Is not only her masterpiece but also one of the greatest novels in the world literature
Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)(Thomas Hardy)
English novelist and poet
Is one of the representatives of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century
Representative works
The Return of the Native(1878)
The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)
Tess of the D'Urbervilles(1891)
His masterpiece
Jude the Obscure(1895)
His masterpiece
Neo-Romanticism
Emerged in late 19th century
It is considered in opposition to naturalism. The naturalist in art stresses external observation, whereas the neo-romantic adds feeling and internal observation.
These artists tend to draw their inspiration from artists of the age of high romanticism.
Representatives
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)
Representative works
Treasure Island(1881)
Kidnapped(1886)
Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde(1886)
His most famous work
Aestheticism
late 19th-century European arts movement
"art for art's sake"
strive for beauty
It centered on the docrine that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic, or other purpose.
Representatives
Oscar Wild (Oscar Wilde)
Representative works
The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891)
Salome(1893)(Salome)
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Aubrey Vincent Beardsley
The Modern Period(1914-1915)
The 20th century English literature can be roughly divided into two periods: Modernism and Postmodernism.
modernism prevailed before World War the second.
Fiction
Representatives
Joseph Conrad(1857-1924)(Conrad)
A Polish-born British novelist
is classified as a forerunner of Modernism
Representative works
The Heart of Darkness(1902)
Most famous story
Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)(Woolf)
a central figure of the "Bloomsbury Group"
is one of the leading writers of Modernism
In her works she experiments with the stream of consciousness: the apparently unorganized flow of thought onto page
Woolf is an influential feminist
Representative works
Mrs. Dalloway(1925)
To The Lighthouse(1927)
Orlando(1928)
A Room of One's Own(1929)
Her best-known non-fiction work
James Joyce(1882-1941)(Joy)
Irish novelist, is another well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.
Representative works
Utysses(1922)(Ulysses)
Finnegans Wake(1939)
D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)(France)
He advocated the principle of saving the decaying civilization through a rearrangement of personal relationships, especially those between men and women.
Representative works
Sons and Lovers(1913)
Partly based on his own life
Rainbow(1915)
Lady Chatterley's Lover(1928)
The most controversial of his works
Stream of Consciousness
first appearance in the late 19th century
It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters' mental and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated or disjointed form.
Writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves.
Poetry
Representatives
William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)(Yeats)
The leading figure of the Modernist Movement in English poetry
An Irish poet, dramatist and prose writer
His fame rested chiefly on his poetry
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 was awarded to William Butler Yeats "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".
Representative works
The Wild Swans at Coole
Michael Robartes and the Dancer
The Tower
Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965)
The leading figure of the Modernist Movement in English poetry
an American-English poet, dramatist and literary critic
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 was awarded to yo T.S.Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".
Representative works
The Waste Land (1922) (wilderness)
Long poem
One of the principal example of the new trend in English poetry and represents the disillusionment of a generation of intellectuals after the end of World War I
Four Quartets(1935-1942)
Consists of four long poems, “Burnt Norton”, “East Coker”, “The Dry Salvages” and “Little Gidding”
Drama
Representatives
George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)
An Irish dramatist, literary critic, socialist spokesmen
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925
He established himself as a leading music and theater critic in the 1880s and the 1890s and became a prominent member of the Fabian Society (Fabian Society)
Representative works
Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant(1898)
Widowers' Houses(1892)
Mrs. Warren's Profession(1902)
Arms and the Man(1898)
Pygmalion(1913)(Pygmalion)
Saint Joan(1924)
regained his acceptance by the post-war public
The Postmodern Period(1945-)
Fiction
Representatives
George Orwell(1903-1950)(George Orwell)
Representative works
Nineteen Eighty-Four(1949)(1984)
William Golding(1911-1993)
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983
Representative works
Lord of the Flies(1954)
V.S.Naipaul(1932-)
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001
Representative works
The Middle Passage(1962)
An Area of Darkness(1964)
India: A Wounded Civilization(1977)
India: A Million Mutinies Now(1990)
The Mystic Masseur(1957)
In a Free State(1971)
A Bend in the River(1979)
Half a Life(2001)
Drama
Representatives
Sammuel Beckett(1906-1989)
one of the great names in the “Theater of the Absurd”
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969
Representative works
Waiting for Godot(1952)
Harold Pinter(1903-2008)
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2005
Since the1970s, Pinter had been active in human rights and politics
Representative works
The Birthday Party(1959)
The Caretaker(1960)
The Homecoming(1965)
Betrayal(1978)
Moonlight(1993)