MindMap Gallery Organic Chemistry - Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry (Agriculture) Halogenated Hydrocarbons Chapter Mind Map
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This infographic, created using EdrawMax, outlines the pivotal moments in African American history from 1619 to the present. It highlights significant events such as emancipation, key civil rights legislation, and notable achievements that have shaped the social and political landscape. The timeline serves as a visual representation of the struggle for equality and justice, emphasizing the resilience and contributions of African Americans throughout history.
This infographic, designed with EdrawMax, presents a detailed timeline of the evolution of voting rights and citizenship in the U.S. from 1870 to the present. It highlights key legislative milestones, court decisions, and societal changes that have expanded or challenged voting access. The timeline underscores the ongoing struggle for equality and the continuous efforts to secure voting rights for all citizens, reflecting the dynamic nature of democracy in America.
This infographic, created using EdrawMax, highlights the rich cultural heritage and outstanding contributions of African Americans. It covers key areas such as STEM innovations, literature and thought, global influence of music and arts, and historical preservation. The document showcases influential figures and institutions that have played pivotal roles in shaping science, medicine, literature, and public memory, underscoring the integral role of African American contributions to society.
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Classification
By type of carbon atom attached to the halogen
primary halogenated hydrocarbons
Secondary halogenated hydrocarbons
Tertiary halogenated hydrocarbons
According to hydrocarbon type
Saturated halohydrocarbon
Unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbon
Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons
According to the number of halogen atoms
monohalogenated hydrocarbon
binary halogenated hydrocarbons
polyhalogenated hydrocarbons
name
common nomenclature
According to the group to which the halogen atom is attached, it is called a certain halogen
Some common halogenated hydrocarbons use customary or common names, eg: chloroform, iodoform
systematic nomenclature
The halogen branch is used as a substituent, and is numbered from the end closest to the substituent, with the priority group listed last.
Under the same circumstances, make the smaller substituent number smaller
structure
Carbon-halogen bond structural characteristics
The electron cloud is biased toward the halogen atoms, giving the carbon atoms a partial positive charge.
The C—X bond will be deformed under the action of reagents and solvents
order of reactivity
R—I>R—Br>R—Cl>R—F
nature
physical properties
toxicity
solubility
Density: Greater than the corresponding alkanes
Boiling point: higher than the corresponding alkanes
chemical properties
nucleophilic substitution reaction
substituted by hydroxyl
substituted by cyano
Used to strengthen carbon chains Hydrolysis of nitrile gives carboxylic acid
Substituted by alkoxy
Synthetic mixed ether
substituted by amino
Substituted by nitroxyl
Generates silver halide precipitates for identification of halogenated hydrocarbons
The order of reaction speed of different halogenated hydrocarbons: n-butyl bromide<isobutyl bromide<tert-butyl bromide
Nucleophilic substitution reaction process
SN1
A carbocation is formed, and the reaction may rearrange
The reaction proceeds in two steps, passing through the carbocation intermediate
The first step of the reaction is the rate-determining step, and the reaction rate is only related to the concentration of halogenated hydrocarbons.
Reactivity sequence of SN1 of different types of halohydrocarbons: (depending on the stability of the carbocation) PhCH2—X>R3C—X>R2CH—X>RCH2—X>CH3—X
SN2
Walden inversion will occur (the orientation of its three substituents changes)
The reaction is completed in one step and undergoes a transition state
The reaction involves two molecules
A complete reversal of configuration is a hallmark of a reaction (Walden transformation)
The order of reactivity of different halogenated hydrocarbons SN2: (depends on steric hindrance) PhCH2—X,R3C—X<R2CH—X<RCH2—X<CH3—X
SN1 and SN2 judgment method
Generally, methyl-type halogenated hydrocarbons and primary halogenated hydrocarbons mainly undergo SN2
Generally, secondary halogenated hydrocarbons, tertiary halogenated hydrocarbons, and allyl-type halogenated hydrocarbons mainly undergo SN1
elimination response
If two β-Hs are present, the main alkenes produced follow Zaitsev’s rule
Supplement to Zaitsev's rule: If a conjugated system can be formed, the conjugated system is formed first
elimination reaction reaction mechanism
E1
E2
Compare with substitution reaction: one attacks α-C atom, one attacks β-H atom
Factors Affecting Elimination Response
structural factors
temperature
Solvent polarity
Attack reagent alkaline
concentration of base
Increased temperature, weakly polar solvents, and strong concentrated alkali are beneficial to the elimination of halogenated hydrocarbons
React with metal
Reacts with active metals Li, Na, K, Mg, etc.
The role of Grignard reagent
Widely used to synthesize and grow carbon chains
liveliness
Acts with active H, eg: water, alcohol, acid, ketone, aldehyde, ammonia, alkyne hydrogen, etc., is decomposed into hydrocarbons
It has carbanion characteristics and reacts with positively charged substances, such as CO2, ethylene oxide, etc.
Halogenated alkenes and halogenated aromatics
Classification of unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons
Ethylene type (including benzene type)
Allyl type (including benzyl type)
Isolated
Activity of halogen atoms in three halogenated hydrocarbons
Reacts with silver nitrate
Effect of halogens on olefin reactivity
Ethylenic additions are significantly slower
Allyl type is slower
The isolation type is roughly the same