MindMap Gallery a kite chaser
"The Kite Runner" is the first novel by Afghan-American writer Khaled Hosseini and the first English novel written by an Afghan writer. It was published in 2003 and has been published for two consecutive years. Ranked first among the New York Times bestsellers, with sales exceeding 7 million copies in the United States and over...
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This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
a kite chaser
Character analysis
adult amir
1: The certainty of self-identity in childhood was the origin of Amir’s diaspora. His life after arriving in the United States further deepened this sense of confusion and crisis of identity confusion.
In the novel "The Kite Runner", the author Hosseini always places Amir in the context of diaspora. Whether it is the lack of a fixed place in the environment or the lack of belonging in the spirit, it is doomed to the physical and mental failure of the diaspora. Pain and helplessness.
The identity construction that Amir insists on is actually a stance of pursuing a hybrid identity. Accepting American culture and Afghan culture with an open mind is a reconstruction of the original identity.
For Amir, America is a place where the past can be buried.
Compared to the war-torn Afghanistan, the people are in dire straits. Despite the harsh environment, everything in the United States seems so beautiful, with developed transportation, abundant materials, and people's lives are happy and peaceful. The most important thing is It is Amir who has no competitor for his father's love - Hassan.
See note 2
But even in this happy, peaceful, comfortable and comfortable environment, the diasporas represented by Amir still cannot completely eliminate all the memories about Afghanistan. Strong American culture and traditional Afghan culture present an "intermediate state" among these diasporas, in which the two Cultures are constantly colliding and blending.
This reminds me of the culture of Chaoshan itself and Teacher Zhao Benshan’s film "Falling Leaves Return to Their Roots"
redemption
In order to rescue Sohrab, Amir and Assef have a duel. Either you die or I live. Although Amir did not have any advantage and was beaten black and blue by Assef, he finally completed his self-salvation. His smile signified that he had completed the construction of his identity: he felt increasingly happy as he watched Assef's stainless steel-gloved fist fall.
This successful escape symbolizes Amir's completion of the construction of his own identity.
The road to growth and redemption must be full of twists and turns and pain
Amir finally realizes that Hassan looks humble on the outside but is actually very strong inside, and this is the essence of the Afghan spirit. At this point, Amir is no longer confused about his individual identity. He is his father's brave son and Hassan's brother. He once again found the long-lost goodness in his duel with Assef. Amir finally realized the true integration with Afghan culture, just like Hassan said, "For you, thousands of times."
childhood amir
character
Amir is very cowardly and selfish, and his character The formation of personality must also be influenced by family factors.
Amir, who lives under his father's dazzling aura, has been full of admiration for his father since he was a child, but he loves and fears his father's feelings. The main reason is that Amir always felt that his birth caused the death of his father's beloved wife, so he always believed that his father was dissatisfied or resentful towards him. This also caused Amir's timid character in childhood. , one of the main factors of low self-esteem.
The adoration of his father in childhood and his father's disdain and even ridicule of him were the main reasons for Amir's low self-esteem and timidity since he was a child, and also paved the way for his subsequent betrayal of Hassan.
Hassan is kind-hearted, brave and sincere, and he is meticulous in his life. Hassan took care of Amir meticulously. In fact, to a certain extent, Hassan's meticulous care and care for Amir also indirectly contributed to Amir's timid character.
We can see the "shadow" of our own human flaws in Amir
The prototype of Amir's humanity was basically formed in childhood. It can be said that in the early stages of human growth, the prototype slowly became "deformed". Amir's mother died during childbirth, but his father blamed the newborn Amir. To a certain extent, my father regarded "me" as a "thief", the one who stole my mother's life and his beloved wife. Therefore, my father could not hide his hatred for me, which he resorted to in a wealthy family. Amir is not happy. The lack of maternal love and father's love in childhood is the family reason and main reason for Amir's human deformity.
When the young Amir was growing up with incomplete concepts of right and wrong, social indoctrination, school education, descriptions in books, concepts of class and race were slowly sprouting and growing unknowingly.
living environment
There were actually no female members in Amir's family life during his childhood. His father was the family member who had the greatest influence on him. In addition, there were servant Ali's son Hassan and his father's business partner Rahim Khan.
lack of maternal love
Living in an environment where maternal love is lacking and father's love is indifferent for a long time, that is, Amir's character remained timid and cowardly even when he was a teenager, and once this character is developed, it is difficult to change.
Without his mother, his father is his only emotional sustenance. He longs for his father's company and his exclusive father's love. Amir's father is busy working all day long and has no time to take care of Amir.
Deprived of the attention that originally belonged to him, the evil in human nature began to emerge. A servant who was "Hazara illiterate and only qualified to work in the kitchen all his life" actually received the care and attention of his father.
Examples of movie farewells
betray
At the same time, Amir's father's praise and support for Hassan's brave behavior also caused Amir to gradually develop a certain degree of jealousy towards Hassan. This was also one of the main reasons why Amir betrayed Hassan twice later.
If Hassan suffered atrocities from bad guys in order to help him grab the kite, Amir did not bravely stand up to help Hassan because of his own timidity and cowardice; The act of framing Hassan and driving Hassan and his father away after Hassan returned home after suffering atrocities was due to Amir's jealousy of Hassan in his heart, and he was worried that Hassan would take away his father's love. From this we can see that in addition to being timid and cowardly, Amir was also very selfish and indifferent as a boy.
Why did Amir run when he saw Hassan being raped?
He took revenge on Hassan for sharing what was his own fatherly love
Summarize
The various traumas Amir suffered in his childhood were caused by religion, race, family, and society. Various factors intertwined and distorted his innocent childhood. These traumas brought huge psychological shadow and harm to Amir, and delayed Amir's healthy growth.
In real life, everyone must go through the growth process from childhood and ignorance to maturity and understanding. Individual growth is not just Gradual maturity both physically and mentally The surface is getting better and better day by day
Amir's father
His father was indifferent to Amir as a child
In addition, his father felt that Amir's character was too cowardly, which was not what a boy should have, so he neglected to care for Amir.
But in the end, his father's bravery and fearlessness influenced Amir. He returned to his hometown to find Sohrab and dueled with the evil force Assef, which made Amir... Amir grew from a timid boy who dared not resist to a brave and fearless man who dared to fight against evil forces.
Ashamed and guilty. In the relationship between Amir, Hassan and his father, the father's love for his son was torn in half, half to Hassan and half to Amir. He feels more guilty towards Hassan's father. Seeing that Hassan has inherited his noble qualities, his joy is beyond words. As for Amir, a son recognized as legitimate by society, seeing him reminds his father of his evil deeds, so that throughout his childhood, his father was stingy with giving Amir paternal love.
Ironically, the son Amir who was born to a wife who was of noble birth and had good character and knowledge was selfish and cowardly, although he was physically strong; while the son Hassan, who was born to a woman of humble origin and bad conduct, was pregnant even though he was pregnant. Disabled (hare lip), but loyal and brave.
Amir, who is physically sound, lives in the sunshine, and he is the one recognized by society; Hassan, who has a sound personality, lives in the dark, and he is the side of his father that cannot be seen in the light.
Therefore, fathers are both representatives of Afghanistan’s patriarchal society and are also under heavy pressure. His secrets and sins are nowhere to be released and resolved. It is the father's only choice to alleviate his guilt by doing good deeds.
Rahim Khan
Bole
A good friend who gives fatherly love
Hassan
Kind
Hassan is kind. His mother abandoned him since childhood, but he still chose to forgive her when she appeared. When Hassan was insulted, he saw Amir hiding in the corner and knew that Amir had betrayed him, but Hassan remained loyal.
Hassan changed his identity as servant and friend in different situations, just so that Amir could get real happiness. However, Hassan's good deeds did not win Amir's sincerity, but instead encouraged Amir's evil deeds. It brought endless pain and regret to both of them.
Why did Hassan's good deeds bring bad luck instead of good results? The reasons can be interpreted from three aspects.
1: Lack of identity
who is he? He is a Harazha who is discriminated against by others, a slave who is at his mercy, an illegitimate child who is looked down upon by others and has no mother, and a freak who was born with harelips.
The article describes a time when Amir and Hassan met several people who verbally insulted Hassan's mother on the way to the cinema. Amir put his arm around his shoulders and said over and over again, "They got the wrong person." This detail reflects Amir's love for Hassan and Hassan's dependence on Amir. When he was insulted, Amir gave him a shoulder to rely on, making him feel that the world was less cold and less scary. The pain of being recognized by outsiders was felt by Amir Smooth.
2: Hierarchy and oppression from the external environment
In the middle of the 18th century, the modern Afghan state was basically formed, and the Haraza people were repeatedly attacked by Afghanistan's largest The persecution of the ethnic Pashtuns
In the 1870s, Afghanistan reached the end of its monarchy. However, deep-rooted racial discrimination and religious persecution ignored the Human rights of the Raza people. Although no country has a perfect human rights record, the memoirs of Afghanistan are full of devastation. Large-scale massacres of the Harazha ethnic minority were commonplace throughout history.
In such a living environment, Hassan was doomed to be unequal discrimination and bullying since he was born.
3: His love for Amir exceeds everything else, even himself, so that Amir ignores his tolerance.
We often attribute divinity to human nature
And when you indulge, things tend to develop for the worst, like adults doting on children
Hassan's death
It’s a choice to follow the crowd
We can’t help but reflect that it was Taliban soldiers who killed Hassan, it was Ami Me, or the Afghans watching indifferently? Is the choice of silence by bystanders a manifestation of the self-interested side of human nature, or a compromise that is unable to resist in the face of evil forces.
Because in dangerous and uneasy situations, people not only tend to protect themselves, Protectors tend to "go with the flow". The so-called "following the crowd" is the herd effect. The herd effect refers to the direction or pressure of the group. A phenomenon that causes an individual's ideas and behaviors to change in a direction consistent with that of the majority of people. The truth is often in the hands of a few people, but how many heroes can persevere when a few people face the crowd's rejection?
Amir's reconciliation with his father
The change of environment caused the "god" color in my father to fade away. Immigration separated the father and son from Afghanistan's traditional social culture, which relieved their mental burden to a certain extent. The war cut off their attachment to tradition. Artillery fire and bombs shattered their conservative moral values, prompting a dialogue between father and Amir.
book and extension
muslim culture
Also known as Islamic culture, one of the three major religious cultures and five major regional cultures in the world
main feature
1: Inclusiveness
It is eclectic of various cultures and given Islamic characteristics through processing and transformation. Islamic teachings penetrate into various subject areas to varying degrees. Religious culture and secular culture not only absorb and influence each other, but also develop independently and compete with each other.
2: Inheritance
Islamic culture absorbed and inherited the precious scientific and cultural heritage of the ancient East and West, organically combined the different traditions of Eastern science that focused on empirical description and ancient Greek culture that focused on logical reasoning, and became a master of medieval classical science.
3: Groundbreaking
Inheritance and innovation are combined. On the basis of inheritance, based on new facts provided by production development, new data obtained from observation experiments, and through creative theoretical synthesis, new subject concepts, theorems, and theories are established, and perfected and created. new disciplines.
4: Practicality
It focuses on field visits and observations, collects and masters first-hand information, draws hypotheses and conclusions through repeated experiments and comprehensive research, and widely applies the research results of natural disciplines to social practice, promoting the development of productivity.
5: Regional
Islamic culture in different regions embodies different characteristics.
The concept of diaspora
Diaspora is a state of existence where one can never find a place to belong. This sense of wandering on both the material and spiritual levels is a common survival situation for contemporary people, and it is also the salvation method that diasporic writers have always insisted on.
See documentation notes
root identity
The most representative characters portrayed in "The Kite Runner" are general. Some characters always insist that no matter where they are, they will always be Afghans, because that is where their roots are.
For you thousands of times
Purpose
Looking for roots
Find yourself
When Amir returns to Afghanistan, the conflict between the two cultures becomes more apparent in him. Amir returns to Afghanistan to save his nephew. This is a manifestation of finding himself and returning to the embrace of his native culture. It is also a manifestation of stepping out of the shackles of American culture and transcending culture. Because only by transcending two cultures can we find our true self.
kite metaphor
A kite can fly very freely in the sky, just like Amir and Hassan were the same when they were teenagers, but no matter how unrestrained their lives were, they would always be held back by a thread. Just like Amir and Hassan when they were teenagers, in order to get their father's approval, they worked hard to pursue their dreams. Kite, because only in this way can one realize his ideal.
The appearance of the kite not only symbolizes Amir's guilt towards Hassan, It also represents Amir's escape from what happened back then.
When the kite grows up, the thin string is the way home (salvation)
Stealing Redemption Growth
author's purpose
Showing the ugliness of human nature is not the author’s purpose, but to inspire It reminds readers not to criticize Amir harshly, even if he chooses to lie and evade. There is more or less a person living in each of us. Amir: Cowardly and timid, but also sensitive, selfish and jealous.
We always like to find many reasons for ourselves to explain our cowardice, always deceive ourselves and others into believing those beautiful lies, always try to hide our inner fears, and always try to escape from the crimes we have committed.
Country background in the book
Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a country with multiple ethnic groups, most of which are Muslims who believe in Islam. Islam in Afghanistan is divided into two schools: Sunni and Shia.
two factions
Sunni
As the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, the Pashtuns occupy a very important position in Afghanistan's social, political, economic and cultural status, and this group of people is mainly Sunni in Islam.
Shia
As the third most populous ethnic group in Afghanistan, the Hazaras They mainly believe in Shias, but because this ethnic group has long been discriminated against by the Pashtun ethnic group, its status has not been taken seriously by the central government in history.
Hazaras are generally reduced to servants of Pashtuns in Afghanistan
The book is set in Afghanistan and the United States in the 1870s.
1838-1842 First Anti-British War
1878~1880 Second Anti-British War
1919 Third Anti-British War
Daoud Reforms
After Daoud came to power, he carried out certain political, social and economic reforms, such as implementing land reform, lifting the constraints of traditional customs on women, and implementing tax reforms. Although the steps were small, they had offended the Afghan royal family and tribes. Traditional forces such as chieftains, religious groups, feudal landlords, and big businessmen benefited. Under pressure from religious and tribal forces, King Zahir retreated from the path of reform, but the government of Prime Minister Daoud still insisted on implementing the restoration reforms.
War in Afghanistan
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 lasted for 10 years
The 2001 Afghanistan War was a war launched by the U.S.-led coalition against the "Al Qaeda" organization and the Taliban on October 7, 2001. The war was the United States' retaliation for the 9.11 incident. Announced in 2014
On April 14, 2021, US President Joseph Biden officially announced that he would begin withdrawing troops from Afghanistan by May 1, 2021, and evacuate all US soldiers by September 11. This means that the longest war in American history is expected to come to an end at this special point of the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 incident.
Most of our impressions of Afghanistan originate from the 911 incident.
time span in book
The time span is from 1975 to 2001, covering the major events of Afghanistan's turbulent 30 years: civil war, the end of the monarchy, the Soviet invasion, the growth of Taliban forces, and tensions between Pashtuns and Hazaras.
This book is made possible by the time of day and the people
author
Khaled Hosseini is a famous American contemporary novelist. He was born in Kabul, an ancient city in Afghanistan, in 1965. His father was a diplomat and his mother was a history teacher. He grew up in Kabul. Later, due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1980, he fled to the United States with his father to escape the war.
He has been a good student since he was a child, and his only hobby is reading. At that time, there was no tradition of writing novels in Afghanistan. The novels he read later were all Western classics, such as "Alice in Wonderland" and "Don Quixote". ", these stories and essays inspired him, so he started writing his own short stories at that age, when he was only eight years old, and he never stopped writing since then
After arriving in the United States, he did not integrate into the environment and the environment did not accept him. As he said himself, he was never invited to any party while studying. The people he was in contact with at that time were other Afghan refugees.
Because the story is so real, many readers think that the story in the book is the author's personal experience. However, in fact, the author has refuted the rumors many times, saying, "I didn't, I'm not, don't tell nonsense." Part of this story comes from his life experiences, such as being born in Afghanistan since childhood, with good family conditions, and coming to the United States with his father. These are true, but the part about Hassan is basically fiction.
In fact, the author did not dare to think much about the ideal of being a writer, because he had always been in a refugee environment and identity in the United States. If he had always insisted on his ideal, he always felt that he would be homeless. Later, he found that he had no other choice but to In addition to being interested in writing, he also had a certain interest in science and medicine. In the end, he successfully admitted to medical school. The profession of a doctor also allowed him to maintain financial and professional stability. In short, he had to survive first. While working as a doctor, writing became his hobby
The origin of the kite runner
The author read a story about the Taliban's ban on kite flying in Kabul. It touched the author's heartstrings, and then he started writing. At first, he thought the content of the novel was about kite flying, but as he wrote, he discovered that something completely different appeared. .
creative process
As a full-time doctor, it is not easy to keep writing while working, so the author has to get up at five o'clock every day, squeeze out time to create, then spend three hours writing, and go to work at 8.45. The next day, it is still the same. This happens day after day. He himself said during this process that you are more stubborn than the work itself, no matter whether you have to go to get off work or not every day, no matter what your mood is. A big part of this process is to compare your own willpower with your own manuscript. The work itself really wants to defeat you, and you can only be more stubborn than the story itself.
At the time of writing the book, 9/11 had occurred and two-thirds of the story had been written, but this event made the author not want to continue writing the book, especially when the war in Afghanistan became politically obvious when. He told his wife that no one wants to hear what I say now, and no one wants to read a story about Afghanistan. The author expressed that he did not want to take advantage of this dangerous hot spot. Later, with the encouragement of his wife, he completed the book. Book. The reason why the author was convinced is that this book can help readers understand the other side of Afghanistan. Not every Afghan is a terrorist. Besides, your story is about family friendship, love and forgiveness, which is nothing like Bin Laden and others. What does it matter? It’s not a hot topic.
After submitting for publication, the author thought that these manuscripts would rot in the editors' offices, and he never held out the hope of publication. Until his agent called him to inform him that you would publish your first novel, he directly Silly.
This style is very similar to mine. Lower expectations when doing things. Lowering expectations will not improve the success rate of things, but it will increase happiness.
Although the book was published, it was still mediocre at first and not many people read it until it took off completely a year and a half after its publication. It became a bestseller in history. Only then did the author quit his job and officially became a writer
The choice between survival and ideals
If there is a choice and the conditions are good enough, then choose Ideal
If you have no choice and no conditions, then just do your best with the current status quo, maintain the status quo while developing your ideals, and try to sell the same piece of your time multiple times. For example, while receiving a salary from the company, after completing the work, you are doing your own things.
Is The Kite Runner an autobiography?
Similarities
Same born in Kabul
Writing very early as well
They all left Afghanistan and became political refugees in the United States.
I have the same experience of going to the flea market to sell things.
Difference
I have never experienced the story between the two boys.
The experience between Amir was full of twists and turns, but the author himself was relatively smooth
kite metaphor
Kite has many different intentions, and different people's kites represent different meanings. Everyone's destiny is like a kite, yearning for a higher and farther sky, but they are pulled by the thin silk thread and cannot get rid of it.
As Li Jihong said, there may be a kite in each of our hearts. It can be anything, but the process of "chasing a kite" must be something that is constantly approaching completeness and happiness. We just have to be brave to pursue it. , allowing this "kite" to fly higher and higher
Hassan's kite
Courage and protection
father's kite
Proof of achievement
Amir's kite
self-salvation and growth
the kite itself
brave
The kite only appeared twice, and both times it changed Amir
In "The Kite Runner", the word "kite" actually only appears in two places. Fang, once Assan suffered cruelty in order to recover the blue kite that opened the key to Amir's father's heart; The other time is at the end. In order to wake up the death of Assan's son Sohrab, the middle-aged Amir ran desperately among a group of children, chasing a kite for Sohrab, and finally got a little reaction from Sohrab. The free-floating kite is a symbol of hope and the starting point and end point of the cycle of destiny.
first
The kite is a multiple, ever-changing image. Before the tragedy, the kite was the recognition that Amir was searching for from his father. It was his desire to be accepted and recognized by the Afghan patriarchal society represented by his father.
the second time
After the tragedy, the kite was Amir's betrayal of human conscience and friendship, a sin that he could not wash away and could not escape from. When he returned to his homeland, the kite represented "the way to become a good person again", "a way to end reincarnation", and the way to wash away his father. The path of double sin with Amir.
The "kite" is the missing part of Amir's personality. Only by catching up with the kite can he have a sound mind and "become the Amir he expected to be."
Falling for the first time and rising for the second time, the kite returns to the sky, and the spirit returns to freedom, but the so-called spiritual freedom cannot be separated from a certain bond, just like the relationship between the kite and the string.
The kite also implies a kind of blood connection that is constantly giving up. Because no matter how high the kite flies, it can never be separated from the earth, just like Amir and his father and his half-brother Assan, and like Amir and his motherland Afghanistan.
In the work, the traditional game of "Kite Runner" is banned in the United States due to the political situation, symbolizing the deprivation of Afghanistan's national culture. The kite flies into the sky again, which is a metaphor for Afghanistan's national culture and national situation to return to the perspective of the international community, placing hope for the peace of homeland and the rebirth and construction of national culture.
There are other interpretation directions for the kites in this book. For example, the kites in the book are different from the kites we conventionally understand. Why do you say this? Our conventional kites, no matter how far the kites fly, are always connected by a thread, expressing a kind of emotion that the heart desires. For example, our partners, family members, and even hometowns all have this intention. exist.
But the kites in the book are more of a competitive existence. We have to use the kites in our hands to cut off the other kites. Finally, we have only one kite left in the sky. After cutting the kite, we still have to chase it. In other words, there are winners and losers. And this intention is more about saying that if we want to win, we must be the best version of ourselves.
There is nothing wrong with this statement itself, and it is very positive. Being born as a human being, it is rare to come to this world. It is definitely good to have goals that you pursue, but my opinion is more inclined. The best self does not necessarily have to chase the kite that means victory. More often, it is the kite that means victory. We participate in this process, and we try our best to live the best life possible. Simple losses and simple wins cannot summarize the entire life. Because from an objective point of view, there is only one winner, and he must be a minority. If that minority wins, they say that I have done my best, but those who lose and those who try their best, who can say that? Aren't they? Just like the kite competition in the book, Amir won the kite, so he gained the attention and reward of his father, and also caused the tragedy of his brother Hassan. So even if you win, there are two sides to it. So when faced with the last sentence of the translator Li Jihong about kites, he said that everyone has a brave kite in his heart, and we should be brave to chase it. My view after reading this book is that we should respect everyone It’s a choice. If you think chasing can make your life better, then run with all your strength. If you don't want to chase and can find inner peace in the process of not chasing, then don't chase. There is never just one way to live life. Win or lose, you have to have your own vote
Personal thoughts after reading
1: The subtlety of "The Kite Runner" lies first in the story. Many of us have faced similar difficulties in our formative years.
redemption
Amir faces Assef
1: When people are in an era when power and conscience are lost, individuals have no good choice other than betraying their conscience or dying. In other words, it is actually very, very difficult to wish to be a good person. The so-called redemption has no choice but to die. You have to be able to save me, otherwise you have no chance of winning even if you risk your life.
So when Amir was a child, he had no choice when faced with Assef's power, but Hassan had always been the good guy, and was raped for it. When he grew up, he also gave his life to protect his family. So when Amir later faced Assef again, he wanted to redeem himself, but he was actually unable to do anything. Without Sohrab, he would probably have died there.
So when we face that kind of environment, will we make different choices than Amir?
The reason why Amir was able to bring Sohrab back and complete the redemption was partly because of Sohrab’s assistance, and partly because of the generosity of the villain Assef. He is a very moral villain. If you lose, I will let you go. So this is ideal
Salvation requires not only having a heart, but also having the ability to endure the pain of growth, and sometimes it also requires a little bit of luck.
This reminds me of the male protagonist in the famous movie "The Shawshank Redemption", and the same is true. For example, his motivation is that after being imprisoned for so many years, he has not been institutionalized. He still yearns for the world outside the prison. His ability is his understanding of the law and human nature. He has to endure the pain of growing up, just like him. Facing the gays who bullied him in prison, he needed a little bit of luck in the end. On the night when the male protagonist was smashing the water pipe, it happened to rain heavily, and the thunder covered up the sound of him smashing the water pipe. After such a big process, he completed his redemption
In the end, it is actually very difficult to completely complete redemption and become a good person, because according to the standards of human nature, there is no concept of a good person in the world. The so-called good people have actually been bad people. For example, Amir became a good person in the end. But he has still been a bad guy. The familiar Master Yideng once abandoned his wife and children. Therefore, in human nature, there are no absolutely good people or absolutely bad people. It is not a black and white answer, but more of a gray state. But even so, I hope we can still lean a little closer to the white side. We don’t seek absolute good, but just have a clear conscience.
"Game without Rules"
key problem
This book answers why so many big and powerful countries want to use their advantages to invade Afghanistan, but they always fail again and again.
This book tells the story of Afghanistan over nearly 200 years
Afghanistan's geographical location
Afghanistan is one of China's 14 land neighbors, but many people in our country have a very vague impression of Afghanistan. Afghanistan really came into the eyes of ordinary people after the 911 incident.
It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road and a hub linking India and Persia.
The capital is Kabul
war
1: Almost every country that invades Afghanistan usually wins at the beginning and loses at the end. Therefore, Afghanistan has another nickname: the Cemetery of Empires.
Afghanistan has also been invaded frequently in history by Aryans, Persians, Greeks and Arabs.
Most Afghans now believe in Islam. This is the legacy left behind by the Arabs at that time.
Three Anglo-Afghan Wars
Fourth Soviet Invasion
The fifth time the United States sent troops to Afghanistan, it has been 20 years since the U.S. military came
afghanistan itself
National independence in 1921 came faster than in other countries. For example, India at that time was still a British colony.
Afghanistan's modernization and three key issues in the struggle between conservative forces
constitutional issues
Feminist Liberation Issues
terrorism problem
The author believes that the most fundamental reason why Afghanistan’s development path is so tortuous is that they only have home in their hearts and no country. They obey religion and traditional customs, and obey the orders of their own tribes and clans. This also creates the character of Afghans. That strong sense of identity
Until the emergence of leader Amanullah, who implemented the first step of Afghanistan's Law-Order Book in 1923, which was Afghanistan's first constitutional law, this monarch was very out of the ordinary, because before him, there had never been No one dares to change the laws set by Allah, their god, for the world. The clergy in Afghanistan believe that humans have no right to formulate their own laws. To legislate humans, God must do it.
The Book of Order is revolutionary
1: Prohibition of torture
2: It is forbidden to break into private houses
3: Abolition of slavery
4: No forcing women to wear burqa
The question of whether women should wear burqas triggered an Afghan version of the feminist movement. According to Islamic teachings, Afghan women must wear burqas in public places and must be tightly wrapped, leaving only a burqa. Even with a small piece of mesh, you cannot go out on the street with a man other than your husband, unless he is a relative. You can't even talk to strange men, but the new constitution stipulates that even a husband can't force his wife to wear a burqa.
Dramatic changes occurred in 1927, when Amanullah visited Europe. During this trip, Amanullah unveiled the mystery of Afghanistan to the Western people at that time. This veil has two meanings. The first layer It is the veil of the country Afghanistan. This visit gave Europeans a better understanding of what kind of country Afghanistan is. Secondly, it is the veil of the queen. Because they want to promote reforms in Afghanistan, the king and his family must take the lead. The queen first appeared in Show your face in an international environment The king and queen also took off their traditional Islamic clothes and put on suits
After the news reached Afghanistan, traditional Afghans immediately exploded. The book also stated people's comments. Is the queen so ostentatious to tease those dissolute onlookers? Such words
After this incident, the anger of Afghanistan's conservative forces was completely ignited. The new king ignored God's law and went out to embarrass himself. Then the new and old accounts were settled together. In the end, the capital Kabul was attacked from the north and the south. In 1929, King Oman Noura was forced to surrender and braved the heavy snow to take to the streets to repent to the people. Under the greetings of all forces, he gave up all the previous struggles, agreed to abolish the Book of Order, and re-declared that Sharia, the law of God, would rule the country. Regulate Afghanistan and no longer allow women to be educated, re-limiting their freedoms. The most outrageous thing is that he once again approved of polygamy. In order to not stop at verbal approval, he even married his 19-year-old cousin after returning to the palace. So the modernization process in Afghanistan came to an end.
5: Prohibit child marriage
6:The face of reform People with beards are not allowed to work in government agencies
7: Marriage reform, changing from one husband and four wives to one husband and one wife
It seems to be a very reasonable and humane reform, but this reform also directly affects the interests of local religions.
Summary of reform failure
Looking back, the biggest reason why Amanula's reforms failed was that he was unarmed. As a king, he did not have a single soldier in his hands. When such a king carried out reforms, he was like a piece of loose sand. As soon as you blow it, it disperses
It was not until the 1960s that Afghanistan had its first true constitution.
How was the burqa dispute finally resolved?
Here I have to mention another Afghan monarch, Daoud. After Daoud came to power, there were a lot of messes in front of him. The most difficult one was the burqa issue. Faced with this problem , Daoud learned from the experience of previous kings. He stopped confronting Afghanistan’s traditional forces and looked for opportunities to attack them from other aspects of life.
He first allowed Afghan women to slowly participate in social work, and gradually improved Afghan society's tolerance for women's work. This included that the radio station had female announcers, and the government sent women's groups to participate in Asian women's work. The conference also arranged for women wearing burqas to work alongside men in factories. Gradually, Afghan men seem to be getting used to working with women.
It was not until the Afghan Independence Celebration in 1959 that Daoud made a big move. He asked the women of the royal family to attend without wearing burqas. This operation caused another explosion among the religious forces in Afghanistan. They strongly opposed it and argued with the king all night long. Initiate a joint letter. Fortunately, Daoud was prepared at this time. Faced with the provocation from traditional forces, he first pretended not to know that his behavior was inappropriate, and also provided evidence. He said that he had read through the Islamic code of law, the Quran. , it does not say that women must wear burqas. Although the clergy were furious, there was nothing they could do. They went back and looked through it themselves and found nothing. You may want to get angry, but there is no reason yet. Daoud also thought about whether this group of people would be too soft to be strong enough to directly riot, just like Amanullah back then. Fortunately, Daoud was smart and learned from history, so he had a certain amount of troops at this time. Advance can be negotiated, retreat can be fought. However, the unknown traditional forces did not launch a war against Daoud in the end.
After this incident, in the next five years, Afghanistan's women's liberation movement moved forward at a speed as fast as Su Shen's. Women began to receive higher education, and women also began to participate in various social jobs. There are women among teachers, nurses, doctors, and even civil servants. It wasn’t until 1696 that coeducation became the norm, and you could sing along at your desk. Women are completely free. Not only can they appear on the street, but they can also show their faces and arms. It looks like a great victory, but the traditional forces have no intention of giving up. Instead, they are brewing a bigger terrorist activity, and they are determined to bring Afghanistan back to the old era. So the Taliban came on the scene
The rise of the Taliban
So what exactly is the Taliban? In the refugee camp on the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan, there are young teenagers everywhere, and the clergy who are influenced by Afghanistan's traditional forces opened a religious school in this refugee camp and brainwashed them crazily. Finally, the main school The Canadian branch has enrolled a total of more than 200,000 students. These schools are closed schools. You cannot get out after entering, and they are isolated from the outside world. The teachers not only teach them religious knowledge, but also teach them to fight with guns. In Arabic, a student is called Talib, and a group of students is called Talib. Taliban
By 1987, the Taliban had been able to obtain high amounts of funding from the United States. When the Soviet Union withdrew its troops from Afghanistan in 1989, the Taliban already had 300,000 armed forces. These Taliban not only conduct civil war internally, but also conduct physical greetings externally. As the sponsor, the United States was the first to receive physical greetings from the Taliban, and this story is the familiar 911 incident. After this incident, the United States famously dispatched troops to Afghanistan. The story of an imperial cemetery began, and the modernization process in Afghanistan once again pressed the buffer button.
Summarize
Therefore, the reason why Afghanistan has become Afghanistan today is that, first, they are too united and loyal to their own race and tribe, but they do not consider the country. This characteristic also creates a headache for the invaders. They either want to conquer this land. , or it can only promote their internal reconciliation, so one end is not done well, and the other end is detrimental to one's own interests.
However, the book also clearly points out that Afghanistan’s own rulers have no choice. On the one hand, the people hope that the government will respect traditional concepts more and have less personal restraints. But if the government really does this, it will be a mess. If there is too much chaos, they will revolt. Therefore, the rulers of Afghanistan must have a certain amount of military power before they can deal with it. So the rulers have to rely on external forces Once external forces are resorted to, Afghanistan's internal forces will assume a posture of resisting external aggression, and the rulers will be in a dilemma. It is in a stage where the outside world is not pleasing to the outside and the internal management is not good, and these various problems are what make Afghanistan become Afghanistan in the book and even today.