MindMap Gallery Electrical Strength Design Analysis
Electric strength (Dielectric strength) refers to the breakdown voltage ratio where the thickness of the breakdown sample is equal to the electrical strength of the sample. Among insulating materials, the maximum electric field that a pure material can withstand under ideal conditions without damage (i.e. without experiencing a failure of its insulating properties).
Edited at 2022-05-31 18:31:12Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Insulation coordination of equipment in low-voltage systems GB/T16935.1
Safety requirements for electric vehicles GB/T18384
Test voltage of components conducted to the grid
Class B voltage circuit
Definition: Store components or circuits with a maximum operating voltage greater than 30VAC and less than or equal to 1000VAC, or greater than 60VDC and less than or equal to 1500VDC.
Insulation resistance
Pretreatment: Prepare the equipment under test for at least 8 hours at 5±2°C, and then conduct an 8-hour measurement phase at a temperature of 23±5°C, a humidity of 85%-100%, and an air pressure of 86-106Kpa to reach the dew point.
Insulation withstand voltage
preprocessing
Place the device under test in an environment of 30±2°C until the temperature remains unchanged, and place it for 48 hours at a temperature of 23±2°C, a humidity of 88%-98%, and a Kia of 86-106Kpa.
Standard test voltage
The frequency is 50-60Hz, the AC voltage is 60S, and the basic insulation uses an AC voltage of 2U 1000VAC. If double insulation and reinforced insulation are adopted, an AC voltage of 2U 3250VAC is applied. Where U is the maximum operating voltage to which the component is connected, in volts. The equivalent DC experimental voltage is 1.41 times the equivalent AC voltage.
Functional insulation and basic insulation
electrical clearance
Rated impulse voltage and impulse withstand voltage recommendations: 330V, 500V, 800V, 1500V, 2500V, 400V
Minimum electrical clearance
Creepage distance
Minimum creepage distance (printed circuit board material)
Creepage distances for various materials and pollution levels
Calculated according to the highest pollution level and lowest CTI
Influencing factors
Voltage
microenvironment
Direction and location of creepage distance
The shape of the insulating surface
Use ribs to reduce creepage distance
Pollution level 3, and the insulation distance is greater than 8mm, it can be used
voltage action time
solid insulation
Un 1200V short-term temporary overvoltage time to 5S
Un 250V long-term temporary overvoltage time is greater than 5S
The DC test voltage should rise evenly from 0V to the value specified in 5.3.3.2 within 5S, and remain at this value for at least 60S. Note: In some cases, the charging current may be too high due to capacitance, and the voltage may take longer to rise. time
altitude
Sea level to 2000m
More than 2000m
electric field
uniform electric field
non-uniform electric field
Classification of insulation methods
basic insulation
functional insulation
double insulation
Supplementary insulation
Reinforced insulation
Voltage classification
Operating Voltage
Definition: Under normal operating conditions, the highest effective voltage generated
Reproduce peak voltage
Definition: The maximum peak voltage that causes periodic shifts in the voltage waveform due to AC voltage distortion or due to the AC component superimposed on the DC voltage.
Overvoltage
Definition: Any voltage with a peak value greater than the corresponding peak value of the maximum steady-state voltage under normal operating conditions
Instantaneous overvoltage
temporary overvoltage
operating overvoltage
Lightning overvoltage
Withstand voltage
Define the voltage applied to the sample under specified test conditions that will not cause breakdown and/or flashover of the sample
Impulse withstand voltage
Under specified conditions, the effective value of the impulse voltage that does not cause insulation breakdown and has a certain shape and polarity
Effective value withstand voltage
Under specified conditions, the highest effective value of voltage that does not cause insulation breakdown
Reproducible peak withstand voltage
Temporarily withstand overvoltage
Rated voltage
Rated insulation withstand voltage
Rated impulse voltage
Rated reproduced peak voltage
Rated temporary overvoltage
environment
Macro environment
microenvironment
Breakdown description
electrical breakdown
Breakdown flashover
Flashover
breakdown
Insulation fit
Insulation coordination regarding environmental conditions
electrical clearance
Definition: The shortest distance in air between two conductive parts
air pressure
Temperature, if the change is large
Creepage distance
Definition: The shortest distance between two conductive parts along the surface of a solid insulating material
microscopic pollution
Level one
No contamination or only dry, non-conductive contamination which has no effect
Level 2
Typically only non-conductive contamination, however occasional brief conductive contamination from condensation must be expected
Level three
There is conductive pollution or non-conductive pollution becomes conductive pollution due to drying due to expected condensation.
Level four
Causes persistent conductive pollution, such as that caused by conductive dust or rain or other moist conditions
Relative humidity
condensation
solid insulation
Definition: A solid insulating material inserted between two conductive parts
temperature
Relative humidity
Regarding insulation coordination for long-term DC or AC voltages
Rated voltage
Rated insulation withstand voltage
Operating Voltage
Insulation coordination regarding transient overvoltage
internal control
Definition: Conditions that require the performance of an electrical system to limit its instantaneous overvoltage to a specified level
protection control
Definition: Protection conditions that require specific overvoltage attenuation measures in electrical systems to limit expected instantaneous overvoltages to specified levels.
About insulation coordination for reproducing peak voltage
Insulation coordination regarding temporary overvoltage