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MindMap Gallery Immune system and immune response

Immune system and immune response

Summary of the immune system, including types of immunity, four major functions of immunology, immune organs, immune cells, immune molecules, etc.

Edited at 2023-12-13 17:49:47

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Immune system and immune response

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Outline

Immune Response: Exploring Immediate to Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions
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Three stages of adaptive immune response
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Immune system and immune response

Immunity (immune) is the sum of biological effects produced by the body in the process of identifying "self" and excluding "others")

type of immunity

nonspecific immunity

definition

It is acquired genetically and is not specific to specific antigens. It is a natural immunity.

The defense function gradually formed by individuals during the long-term germline development and evolution process

Features

Congenital, no specialness, no memory, quick but weak effect

Main mechanism

physical barrier

Skin and mucous membranes, blood-brain, blood-fetal barrier

chemical barrier

Local secretion of inhibitory and bactericidal substances in the skin and mucous membranes

biological barrier

Non-specific effector cells and effector molecules

specific immunity

definition

Produced by exposure to an antigenic determinant during ontogeny and occurs only for that specific antigenic determinant

Features

Acquired, specific, memorable, slow but strong effect

Four major functions of immunology

1. Immune defense

The body's immune protection against foreign microorganisms and their toxins

The response is too strong or lasts too long→hypersensitivity reaction

Low or absent response → immunodeficiency disease

2. Immune self-stabilization

The immune system achieves relatively stable immune system function through regulatory networks

Abnormality in homeostasis → autoimmune disease

3. Immune surveillance

The function of the immune system to recognize and eliminate aberrant and mutated cells

Abnormal immune surveillance function → tumor development or persistent viral infection

4. Immune regulation

immune organ

central immune organ

The place where immune cells occur, differentiate, and mature

marrow

Hematopoietic organs: the birthplace of various blood cells and immune cells

The place where B cells develop, differentiate, and mature

Thymus

1. The thymus is the place where T cells differentiate and mature.

2. Secrete thymus hormones and cytokines

3. Immune regulatory function

4. Establish self-tolerance and maintain immune homeostasis

peripheral immune organs

Where immune cells colonize and occur

Lymph nodes

Filtration: a place where T and B lymphocytes settle and increase their value

generate specific immune response

spleen

Filtration function: Lymphocyte settlement, value-added place

generate specific immune response

Synthetic secretory effects: such as complement, cytokines

immune response immune response

definition

After the body's immune system is stimulated by antigens, lymphocytes specifically recognize antigen molecules and undergo activation, proliferation, differentiation or anergy and apoptosis, thereby exhibiting certain biological effects.

basic stage

Identify the induction phase

Activation, proliferation, differentiation stages

Effect stage

process

T cell mediated immune response

1. Recognition of antigens by T cells

Binding of TCR to antigen peptide_MHC complex

APC uptake

APC processes, processes, and presents antigens

2. T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation

Th cell activation requires dual signal stimulation

1. The first signal of activation (antigen-specific signal))

2. Activation of the second signal (Co-stimulation signal))

3. Cytokines

3. Immune effects produced by T cell activation

1. Cytotoxic effect mediated by CD8 CTL

2. CD4 Th1 cells mediate DTH

3. CD4 Th2 cells assist B cells in producing antibodies

B cell mediated humoral immune response

Thymus-dependent antigen (TD_Ag) response)

BCR directly recognizes the B cell epitope of the antigen and transmits specific recognition signals (activation signal 1)) by Iga and Igβ.

The co-stimulatory molecule interaction between activated Th2 and B cells (CD40L/CD40) provides activation signals to B cells 2)

Thymus-independent antigen (TI_Ag) response)

This response is not restricted by MHC, does not require APC and Th assistance, does not respond again, and occurs early.

TI-1 antigen activates B cells

TI_2 antigen directly activates B cells

primary immune response

A specific antigen stimulates the body for the first time, with low output and short maintenance time. The antibodies produced are mainly IgM type, with low affinity and low specificity.

immune response again

After the initial response, the same antigen is stimulated again. The antibody yield is high and the maintenance time is long. The antibodies produced are mainly IgG type, with high affinity and high specificity.

immune molecules

Factors produced by body cells, related to immune response, secreted into body fluids or present on the surface of cell membranes

membrane surface immune factors

Mainly include membrane surface antigen receptors, major histocompatibility antigens, leukocyte differentiation antigens and adhesion molecules

humoral immune molecules

Mainly include antibodies, complement and cytokines

Immune Cells

Functional unit that performs immune response

1. Immune active cells

T cell surface markers and their functions

TCR_CD3 complex

It relies on the polypeptide region of TCR to recognize and bind the antigen peptide_MHC complex, and relies on CD3 to transmit signals into cells.

CD4 and CD8 molecules

It is related to the MHC restriction of T cell recognition of antigen and the recognition of TCR_CD complex constitutes dual recognition.

Classification according to the function of T cells

Helper T cell Th

Delayed type hypersensitivity T cell TDTH

suppressor T cells

Cytotoxic T cells Tc

B cell surface markers

BCR complex

composition

Membrane surface Ig (BCR) and Iga, Igβ

effect

mIg V region specifically recognizes antigen

Iga, Igβ transduces the signal of mIg specific recognition of antigen

Natural killer cells (NK))

NK cell function

Causes target cell death through release of perforin and granulosa

Kills target cells by releasing tumor necrosis factor TNF

NK cells are lymphocytes

Mainly distributed in peripheral blood and spleen, it has the function of killing target cells without prior sensitization and without the participation of other auxiliary cells or molecules.

2. Antigen presenting cells APC

Function

APC can process, uptake, process antigen and present antigen information to T cells

Binding to membrane proteins between lymphocytes is the initiating factor for lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and effects.

composition

1. Dendritic cells

2. Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS))

3, B cells

AntigenAg

concept

Substances that can specifically bind to lymphocyte antigen receptors (TCR/BCR), stimulate the body's immune system to produce a specific immune response, and can specifically bind to corresponding immune response products

characteristic

1. Immunogenicity

Characteristics of stimulating the body's immune response

2. Antigenicity

The ability to specifically bind to antibodies or effector T cells

conditions that constitute an antigen

1. Foreign body properties of antigens

Foreignness is at the heart of immunogens: non-existent self, altered self, substance untouched by the embryonic immune system

2. Certain physical and chemical properties

Molecular weight, certain chemical composition, molecular conformation and accessibility

3. Other factors

In addition, it is also controlled by genetic factors and related to the way in which antigens enter the body.

Antigen specificity

Consistency or pertinence between substances

cross reactioncross reactiong

In addition to reacting specifically with its corresponding antigen (or antibody), an antibody (or antigen) can sometimes react with other antigens (antibodies))

AntigenAb

definition

Globulin that is produced by antigen-stimulated B cells to transform into plasma cells and can specifically bind to the corresponding antigen. It has immune function and is also called an antibody.

Immunoglobulin Ig

Globulins with antibody activity or structures similar to antibodies are called immunoglobulins

Function

Activate complement IgM, Ig1-3 → activate the classical complement pathway

Binds to FCR on cell surface

conditioning effect

Antigen-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Mediates type I hypersensitivity reactions

Crosses the placenta and mucous membranes

IgG crosses the placenta