Love - pursuit, inquiry, rather than thinking about original and ultimate questions

Wisdom - different from common sense, is a kind of truth. As a reflective activity, philosophy is aimed at knowledge about the spirit itself and the foundation of civilization. Wisdom is the realization of the spirit.

(1) They are all transcendences of common sense, not extensions of common sense. This transcendence is manifested in:

(2) They all use conceptual thinking to grasp and understand the world.

(3) They are all applications of rationality, but their products are different;

science

philosophy

The fundamental difference is that philosophy studies the relationship between thinking and existence as a problem, while science takes existence in thinking as an unconditional premise.

Different objects

Products are different

different research methods

Art

religion

philosophy

They are all basic forms for the human spirit to achieve self-consciousness.

philosophy and religion

philosophy and art

Highly specialized organ structures and their ability to adapt to certain environmental conditions and life are signs of the perfection of a species. Compared with animals, human organs have not reached a high degree of specialization, and their instinctive equipment is relatively poor. Therefore, as a species, humans are incomplete;

The other half that nature allows people to complete by themselves is to form and change their own life style according to external conditions in order to adapt to external conditions. This work is culture - the creative activity of civilization.

The original meaning is to constitute and shape, as well as to cultivate and culture;

Education is not a means, but an end in itself. Education is not the development of something that is given, but something created out of nothing; the results of education are autonomous.

Labor constitutes its own lasting form through the negation of the object, enabling consciousness to perceive itself and become a consciousness for itself. Therefore, consciousness can freely treat objects and discover its own subjective status in the process of caring. The meaning of this result is education.

In the educational role of labor, consciousness passes through; labor negates the object of labor, and then reaches self-awareness and becomes self-consciousness, which is distinguished from natural consciousness and rises to the level of spirit.

The object disappears as the desire is satisfied

The object forms its own lasting form in the process of cultivation

It is people’s fundamental view of the world and their understanding of the relationship between people and the world; the worldview determines the outlook on life and values. The worldview is not the knowledge about the world formed by people caring about the world outside the world;

It is a person's fundamental view of life, including the view and understanding of the purpose and meaning of life. It is an important part of the worldview and is restricted by the worldview. The content includes views on happiness, life and death, etc.

It refers to people’s evaluation and views on the meaning, value and importance of objective things, and is part of the worldview; values ​​determine people’s behavior and are the standards that determine the quality of people.

It is people’s fundamental and general view of social history. The basic issue of the historical outlook is the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. This is an extension of the basic issues of philosophy in the field of social history.

philosophy

common sense

The experience of common sense and the transcendence of philosophy

The representational nature of common sense and the conceptual nature of philosophy

The Finitude of Experience and the Infinity of Philosophy

The non-criticality of experience and the criticality of philosophy

Common sense of philosophy: using philosophy and science to transform and update common sense, making philosophy become common sense that people generally recognize and follow.

Philosophizing common sense: using empirical common sense to view, understand and apply philosophy.

The fundamental difference between the two is:

National cultural traditions mediated by language are always reflected in philosophical traditions;

The purpose of philosophy is to expound the sublime and belittle the insignificant as its fundamental mission; however, the philosophical traditions of different nations have different understandings and pursuits of the sublime;

The national character of philosophical theories is always reflected in the national character of philosophical categories.

On the one hand, philosophical truth is inherently universal and therefore global; on the other hand, philosophical truth needs to be reflected through the life practices of nations and individuals;

The premise for a nation's wisdom to inspire other nations is that it provides the possibility for the historical development of its life practice.

① Contingency means that the relationship and development process of things are not certain to occur, and may or may not occur. appear, may appear in this form, may appear in that form, an uncertain trend

② Inevitability refers to the unshakable trend that must occur in the relationship and development process of things.

③ Dialectical relationship: Necessity and contingency are two opposing trends in the connection and development of things, but they are unified, interdependent and inseparable. Necessity exists in chance, through a large number of accidents Nature manifests itself and opens up a path for itself; behind contingency lies necessity, and is governed by necessity. Contingency is the manifestation and supplement of necessity. Necessity and contingency can be converted into each other under certain conditions

history and nature

Scientism:

humanism

① Any true philosophical theory embodies the philosopher’s self-view of the relationship between people and the world in that era. consciousness,

② They are all run through the philosopher’s unique explanatory principles and conceptual framework on the relationship between people and the world.

③They all forge the values, aesthetic consciousness and ultimate relationships that philosophers use to care about the relationship between people and the world. Huai philosophy most concentratedly, profoundly and strongly expresses the spirit of the times of each era, thus becoming “the times”. The essence of modern spirit

worries about death and fate

Empty and meaningless worries

concerns about guilt and guilt

Reason cannot solve these worries. The so-called "existential worries" mean that they are a definite and real part of our existence. This part pierces the integrity of reason, leaving it fragmented and filled with gaps.

①Perceptual knowledge is the primary stage of cognition. It is when people transform objective things into subjective things in practice. The first step of concept is characterized by directness and reveals through three forms of psychological reflection: feeling, perception and representation. Show the external connections between things and phenomena

② Rational cognition is an advanced stage of cognition. It is the process of perceptual cognition materials with the help of abstract thinking. The understanding of the essence of things, the whole of things and the internal relations of things formed by processing, sorting and summarizing Rational knowledge is characterized by indirectness and abstraction, and reveals the essence and regularity of things, including concepts. three basic forms: thought, judgment, and reasoning

Dialectical relationship: they are two different stages in the process of understanding. They are different from each other and unified with each other. It is dialectical unity. First of all, perceptual knowledge permeates rational knowledge, which is reflected in: the subject’s rational values, Purpose requirements influence and restrict the direction of perceptual activities; the subject’s existing rational understanding influences and restricts perceptual The depth or level of knowledge; the results of perceptual knowledge must be described with the help of rational forms. Secondly, rational understanding It is also permeated with perceptual knowledge, as shown in: rational knowledge is based on perceptual knowledge; rational knowledge Always use certain language and symbols as material means. Finally, perceptual knowledge can make an active leap to rational knowledge.

(1) Philosophy is to grasp the content of the era as a whole and reflect the essential characteristics of the era in a concentrated way. Thus embodying the essence of the spirit of the times, the basic content is worldview and methodology

(2) Philosophy, a special form of social consciousness, has gone through a long stage from its inception to its formal formation. The real philosophy was formed after mankind entered the civilized era and entered the slave society.

(3) As the founder of the history of philosophy, Hegel tried to find the history of philosophy for the first time in history. The historical laws of inheritance and development among ideas, and regarding the history of philosophy as the development history of "a" philosophy, It is believed that the later the philosophical thought is, the closer it is to the philosophical thought because it inherits and develops the ideological achievements of the predecessors. truth, then the entire history of philosophy is nothing but the movement, self-fulfillment or self-realization of "a" philosophy process.

Cai Yuanpei’s educational ideas. Cai Yuanpei did not oppose religion in general, but opposed "the use of external forces to invade individuals". The "narrow religion" of the "spiritual world" advocates "broad religion", that is, "there is no hindrance to each person's religion."

Starting from Kant's super-utilitarian theory of beauty, he believes that beauty is super-utilitarian and that beauty education can enable people to eliminate Self-interest can cultivate emotions, thus making noble behavior a conscious requirement of inner emotions.