Excessive loss of alkali and relative increase in acid

Fixed acid retention, excessive alkali consumption

Decreased vascular sensitivity to catecholamines

Inhibits calcium ion reflux and competes with calcium ions for troponin

secondary hyperkalemia

Mainly rely on buffer system to compensate

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is elevated, AB is elevated, and SB and BE are normal.

Effect on the body

Mainly relies on renal compensation

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, SB increases, AB increases significantly, and BE increases positively.

Causes mild clinical symptoms

via stomach

via kidney

Blood transfusion, excessive alkali supplementation

Excessive loss of hydrogen ions and chloride ions

Primary elevation of ALD, hypokalemia

Restlessness, confusion, delirium, disturbance of consciousness

muscle twitching, spasm

Breathing shallowly and slowly

It is related to the enhanced intracellular and intracellular H-K exchange, decreased hydrogen secretion and increased potassium excretion from renal tubular epithelial cells.

ECF buffering has little effect, ICF buffering is the main one

Renal compensation is the main

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreased, AB decreased, SB and BE were normal, and PH>7.45

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases, AB decreases significantly, SB decreases, the negative value of BE increases, and PH increases or increases.

Increased central nervous system excitability and cerebral hypoxia

Increased neuromuscular stress and prone to convulsions

Clinical symptoms are not obvious

Ventilation impairment with increased acid production

Heartbeat and respiratory arrest Obstructive pulmonary disease combined with toxic shock or heart failure

The concentration of bicarbonate decreases, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, and the pH decreases significantly.

Hyperventilation with base retention

Cirrhosis, ascites, high fever, hypoxemia Accompanied by vomiting, massive blood transfusion, etc.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases, the concentration of bicarbonate increases, and the pH increases.

Renal failure with high fever, hemorrhagic fever, gram-negative bacterial septic shock

The concentration of bicarbonate decreases, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide decreases, and the pH changes normally or slightly.

Cor pulmonale with vomiting or application of diuretics and hormones, etc.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is elevated, the bicarbonate concentration is elevated, and the pH is normal, slightly higher or lower.

The highest content and the strongest effect

Link to lung regulation

The kidneys participate in its reabsorption

Only buffers fixed acids, not volatile acids

Occupies the second most important position and mainly buffers volatile acids

Carbonic anhydrase, deaminase activity increases, acid excretion and alkali retention

Enzyme activity inhibition