Archives: Solidified information with a clear and definite original record function that is directly formed by social organizations and individuals in past social practice activities.

Archives are essentially original records of social life. That is, original recordability is the essential characteristic of archives.

Archives are directly formed by people in social activities, not products of nature.

From a tense perspective, the archive is something that has already been formed, rather than something that is being formed or has not yet been formed.

Archive content information is clear and certain, and exists attached to a certain material carrier.

Archives are original information records directly formed by people in social activities, and have a direct original recording effect on past social activities.

It refers to the specific form of existence in reality. Mainly documents, but also a large number of non-clerical information records.

It refers to the process of documents in various forms from being produced to being formally preserved as archives and functioning as archives.

"Intentional and unintentional production, intentional processing and preservation"

Species concept and genus concept: Archive information is a form of existence of information, and archives are an important information resource in human society.

Status: Archives are the most authentic, reliable, authoritative and credentialed native information resources.

The relationship is close and complex. The connotations are different, but the denotations overlap in a large area.

①The essence and core connotation are different: non-original records of information can also become documents.

② Documents pay attention to historical and cultural value, and archives also pay attention to practical use value.

③The literature content is generally more systematic and complete, while the archives include a large number of fragmentary and sporadic records.

A direct conversion relationship in actual form. Logically, the connotations are different and the denotations overlap.

①The actual form of archives includes not only documents but also non-documents. Only some documents with strong original records, high reference value and completed document processing procedures can be converted into files.

②Essentially different: original recordability is not the essence of documents. Documents are essentially information transmission tools for people to deal with and solve practical and specific affairs problems. Communication is mainly spread in space and is mandatory.

The relationship is relatively close and there are similarities in management.

① Essentially different: Books are essentially the crystallization of systematic knowledge.

② Different social functions: Archives are used to solve practical problems in reality and understand and study historical facts. Books are used to learn systematic knowledge and cultivate character.

② The characteristics of the intersection parts are different: the knowledge in the archive content is unsystematic knowledge fragments. The historical records in the book content are not direct original records, but processed and refined systematic knowledge.

In reality, it is the closest and has the closest relationship. The extensions overlap in large areas, and the extension of the data is larger than that of the files.

① Data is a relative and highly dynamic concept, and its extension is extremely broad. All relevant information that has a certain value for people to study and solve a certain problem can be called data. Archives do not have the relativity and dynamics of data.

② Archives can be viewed and used as data, but data cannot be viewed and used as archives.

The connotation is the closest. There is some overlap in connotation. All have historical and cultural value.

①Important archives can be used as cultural relics collection because they have both original recording and historical and cultural functions. However, most cultural relics cannot become archives, because most cultural relics are practical items and the content of recorded historical information is unclear and unclear.

②The clarity and certainty of the content information is the fundamental difference between the two. Only physical objects with text on them can become physical files and be collected by the archives department.

The emergence of paper promoted the first revolution in archival media. The number of archives has increased, and archives management has become more scientific and standardized.

Audiovisual archives: Also known as audiovisual archives or audiovisual archives, they refer to archives that record sounds or images formed by institutions and individuals in various social activities.

Electronic files: refers to files generated in digital devices and environments, stored in digital form on disks, tapes, optical discs and other carriers, relied on computer and other system equipment to read and process, and can be transmitted on communication networks.

⑴Overview

⑵Specific performance

⑴Overview

⑵Specific performance

The actual value of archives can also be called the current value, which refers to the usefulness of archives to actual social practice activities.

The long-term value of archives means that the timeliness of archives value can be extended to the distant future and can meet the needs of users from all aspects of society for a long time.

The first value of a document is the value of the document to the agency where it was formed. It is the original value of the document, including administrative value, legal value, financial value and execution value.

The secondary value of documents is the value of documents to other agencies and individual users, also known as subordinate value or archival value, including evidence value and intelligence value.

Because archives have the characteristics of original recordability, uniqueness of content and version, etc., the value of archives can be expanded and developed. Its expansion has a certain regularity, which can be called the expansion law of archives value.

⑴The expansion of archive value due to the expansion of value subjects

⑵Expansion of value due to changes in the nature of archives functions

The timeliness of archive value means that the usefulness of archives to society is time-limited. Some archives are valuable to users within a certain period of time. After this time limit is exceeded, the value is reduced or lost. This law can be called the time efficiency of archive value.

⑴The timeliness of the relationship between files and user needs.

⑵ Timeliness of archive value form.

Understanding the timeliness law of archives value will help archivists understand the impact of time on the value of archives with dialectical thinking, correctly judge the timeliness of different archives, develop information resources without losing the opportunity, actively provide utilization, and prevent them from being used in a timely manner. of files that have lost some or all of their value because they were provided too late.

Social systems, relevant national regulations, policies, political and economic situations, etc. have a great restriction on the demand for archives utilization and the extent to which archives institutions may provide archives, thus having a direct impact on the formation and realization of archives value relationships.

The level of people's understanding of archives and the general understanding of archives in society can be called "social archive awareness". The degree to which people demand archives and the extent to which archival work can meet the demand are closely related to social awareness of archives. The impact of social archives awareness on the realization of archives value mainly lies in three aspects: archives utilization needs, archives utilization policies and archives service concepts.

The level of archives management directly affects the archives management department's ability to provide archives services and meet social needs, as well as the possibility for users to obtain the required archives information. Therefore, improving the level of archives management, in-depth development of archives information resources, and providing high-quality and efficient utilization services are important conditions for promoting the realization of archives value.

Archives management work: refers to the work of managing archives using scientific principles and methods to serve various undertakings of the party and the country. Its basic contents include: receipt and collection of archives, sorting, identification, storage, cataloging and retrieval, editing and research, statistics and utilization services.

⑴ Archives collection work

⑵Archival work

⑶Authentication work of archives

⑷Archives storage

⑸ Cataloging and retrieval of archives

⑹ Archive editing and research work

⑺Statistical work of files

⑻ Utilization of files

Archives administrative work: It is an activity that aims at the needs of various national undertakings and carries out overall planning, organization and coordination, unified systems, supervision and guidance of national and local archives work. The purpose of archives administration is to continuously adjust the internal and external relationships of the archives system, promote the development of the archives, and serve the national economy and social development.

With the archives administration department as the organization and coordination center, we train and improve the administrative capabilities and levels of archives staff, administer according to law, complete planning formulation, unified systems, administrative supervision, organizational coordination, business guidance and consulting services through investigation and research and strengthen management. tasks, improve the efficiency of archives administration, thereby promoting the improvement of the overall level of archives undertakings.

Archives education is an important part of the archives undertaking. The construction of the archives undertaking requires the development of archives education and the cultivation of professional talents.

① my country’s archives education began in the 1930s and achieved certain development in the 1940s. In 1934, the private Wuchang Wenhua Library College established a special teaching chair in archives management, marking the birth of archives education in my country. In 1946, the private Chongshi Archives School was founded in Chongqing.

②After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the support of the party and the government, with the development of our country's archives industry, archives education has also achieved rapid development. The attempts of various types of archives education such as archives specialist classes and archives training classes have made pioneering explorations for the creation of archives education in New China.

③On November 15, 1952, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Government Affairs Council jointly made a decision to approve the establishment of a specialized archives class at Renmin University of China, which marked the formal establishment of archives education in New China.

④After entering the 1980s, with the development of my country’s archives industry, my country’s archives education has entered a stage of large-scale and substantial development. Since its development, our country has basically formed a multi-level, multi-channel and relatively reasonable national archives education network system.

⑴The structure of archives education refers to the various factors of archives education and their interrelationships. The purpose of archival education is to cultivate various archival professionals at different levels and levels. The archival education structure is a multi-level, multi-series composite structure.

⑵From a macro perspective, my country's archives education system generally includes four parts: higher education, secondary education, on-the-job continuing education and social education.

① Archives higher education: It is the core part of archives education in my country. Archives higher education in our country is the main way to cultivate mid-to-high-level archives research talents, archives management talents, information development talents and archives management talents. It includes three educational levels: graduate students, undergraduate students and junior college students.

② Archives secondary education: It is the main way to train junior archives managers and technical personnel. It is an important part of the archives education system in our country. There are two main types of schools: secondary vocational schools and vocational schools.

③ Archives on-the-job education: It is an education to improve archives professional knowledge for those who are already engaged in archives work. It includes two aspects, one is continuing education for personnel who have received archival professional education, and the other is training for archival personnel who have not received archival professional education.

④ Archives social education: It refers to promoting archives knowledge to all aspects of society and enhancing society’s awareness of archives. This type of archival education can be carried out in various ways, such as holding archival exhibitions and writing various popular books.

Archives publicity: It is the process of disseminating information and ideas about archives work to people, thereby affecting people's behavior. Specifically, it is a kind of public opinion guidance and public opinion supervision that promotes the laws and policies of the party and the state on archival work to the majority of archivists, provides ideological education to them, and publicizes archives and archival work to the society, so as to enhance social awareness of archives. work.

Publicity archives, publicity archives work, publicity archives personnel

Oral propaganda, use of mass media, archive display and exhibition, archive professional newspapers and periodicals, archive website.

Archival science and technology research work: referred to as archival scientific research, is a creative work that studies and refines the perceptual materials of archival work practice into rational results through investigation, observation, experiment, comparison, analysis and other means.

①Basic theoretical research on archival science

②Research on applied theories of archival science

③Research on applied technology of archival science

Participate in activities of international archives organizations, exchanges and cooperation in bilateral archives work between countries, and international archives academic exchanges and cooperation, etc.

Unified leadership and hierarchical management are both determined by our country’s socialist system and an objective need for the development of archives work. It is the organizational principle and management system of our country’s archives work. Its specific content includes three aspects:

⑴First, national archives are centrally managed by various levels and types of archives storage institutions in accordance with regulations.

⑵Second, national archives work is under the leadership of people's governments at all levels and managed by archives administrative agencies at all levels in a unified, hierarchical and professional manner.

⑶Third, implement unified management of party and government archives and party and government archives work.

Maintaining the integrity and security of archives is a basic requirement for archival work. Only by maintaining the integrity and security of archives can the true historical appearance of the party and the country be maintained, and the role of archives be fully utilized.

⑴Maintain the integrity of files

⑵Maintain the security of files

Facilitating the use of archives by all sectors of society and meeting society's needs for archives are the fundamental purposes of archives work. It is an important standard for testing the effectiveness of archives work and an important condition for ensuring the development of archives work.

Decentralized system means that local archives agencies in some countries do not accept the leadership, guidance and supervision of central archives agencies. Most of the countries that adopt decentralized systems are federal countries. Decentralized systems mainly include: British style, Swiss style, American style and other forms.

Centralization means that local archives agencies in some countries accept the leadership, guidance and supervision of central archives agencies. The main forms of centralization include Chinese, French and Swedish.

⑴The First Historical Archives of China (mainly preserves the archives of the central agencies of the Ming and Qing Dynasties)

⑵The Second Historical Archives of China (mainly preserves the archives of the central agencies of various political regimes during the Republic of China)

⑴Overview

⑵Properties

⑶Basic responsibilities

⑷Specific/basic tasks

Professional archives: refers to archives set up by the state to specifically manage the archives formed in a certain aspect or a special professional and technical activity. Its specific meaning can be reflected not only in its professional functions, but also in the special content and form of the archives carrier. Judging from the establishment of professional archives in my country, there are national professional archives, local professional archives and professional archives established by a certain professional system.

⑴Special carrier archives

⑵Urban Construction Archives

⑶Department Archives

The corporate archives is an archive that collects and manages the corporate archives.

⑴Comprehensive

⑵Professionality

⑴ As a member of the national archives network system, the corporate archives must store and preserve corporate archives, serve as a utilization center for corporate archives information, provide services to the enterprise and all aspects of society, and provide services to the national archives on a regular or irregular basis in accordance with relevant regulations. archives of national and local importance.

⑵ Responsible for the collection, organization, identification, storage and statistics of the company's files. In order to realize the purpose of archival information serving enterprise management, corporate archives should manage archival information, establish a complete archival retrieval system, and strive to modernize archival management.

⑶Compile and research archival information and develop archival information resources. The corporate archives' service targets are mainly internal, but also external. To this end, corporate archives should selectively compile and research archival information in response to changes in corporate management activities to provide services for the smooth development of corporate management activities; they should also edit and publish corporate archives and historical materials to meet the needs of all aspects of society.

⑷Propaganda and education functions. By holding archives exhibitions, we promote the production, operation, scientific and technological development, etc., thereby enhancing the archives awareness of enterprise managers and society.

⑴Enterprises that set up archives must be large or above enterprises and enterprise groups.

⑵The establishment of corporate archives must take into account the basic conditions of corporate archives work.

⑶The corporate archives should be an internal organization of the enterprise in terms of organizational structure, and the funds should be settled by the enterprise itself.

⑷ When setting up corporate archives, we can consider the integrated management of archives, books, and information materials to achieve comprehensive development and utilization of information resources.

Archives Room: It is an internal organization for each organization to uniformly preserve and manage its own archives. It is an integral part of the entire organization and is a professional organization for organization management and research and consultation. From the perspective of national archives work, the archives office is the most common, largest, and most basic business organization in the national archives work organization system.

⑴The archives office is the internal organizational structure of the agency.

⑵The archives room is a transitional institution for preserving archives

⑶The main task of the archives is to serve the institution.

⑴On the one hand, the archives office is a department with a staff and consulting role within the agency. It is an assistant in the work of the agency, providing necessary archival information support for agency management and agency functional activities. Therefore, archives work is an integral part of the work of the agency, a necessary condition for improving the efficiency and quality of the work of the agency, and an important means for the continuation of the management work and business functions of the agency.

⑵On the other hand, the archives office is the foundation of national archives work. The archives office of the government is the source of continuous replenishment of national archives. The completeness and continuous accumulation of national archives first depend on the archives office. In the national archives work organization system, the archives office is the first place where archives are utilized and play a large-scale practical role after they are formed. ; The archives room is a transitional institution that preserves archives with long-term value in advance. It creates conditions for archives work.

⑴Basic tasks

⑵Specific tasks

⑴General archives room

⑵Technology Archives

⑶Audio and Video Archives Room

⑷Personnel Archives Room

⑸Comprehensive Archives Room

⑹Joint Archives Room

⑺Archive Information Center

Document center: It is a socialized, intensive and professional archives management institution. Its setting is generally not affiliated with a document forming unit like an archives room, but is established by region and system between document forming units. A transitional archives management institution between local comprehensive archives.

The Document Center was first born in the United States during World War II. During World War II, the volume of documents in U.S. government agencies expanded rapidly, which greatly increased the burden of document management, resulting in a large number of documents that were not properly maintained in an organized and systematic manner. With the advocacy and assistance of the archives industry, the U.S. military department created a new type of document management organization - the Document Center, which centrally stores documents that are rarely used but must be kept for a period of time in specialized warehouses with lower costs. . my country's first documentation center was established in Yongjing County, Gansu Province, my country in 1988.

⑴The document center is mainly a physical management organization. Judging from existing practice, the main goal of the file center is to provide a high-efficiency, low-cost safe haven for a large number of dormant files. This determines that the main functions of the document center are:

⑵The document center is a socialized, intensive and professional archives management institution. The document center generally provides document management services for several joint agencies. Compared with the archives room, it has a larger scale and serves more customers. Due to its centralized funds, strong specialization, and high-quality personnel, the management capabilities and technical means of the document center are generally greater than those of an archives management agency established by an independent unit.

⑶The Document Center only has custody rights but no ownership rights for the dormant documents it maintains. The ownership of the documents still belongs to the organization that created them.

⑷The Document Center is an intermediate institution between the document creator and the archives, and it is responsible for both parties. As a transitional and intermediate archives management institution, the Document Center must first respect the interests and requirements of document creators, and at the same time shoulder the important task of accumulating archives for the archives.

⑸The document center can simultaneously undertake the functions of document management consulting and training. For example, it can provide suggestions and guidance on document management to joint agencies and non-joint agencies.

⑴Government Document Center

⑵Commercial Document Center

Archives storage center: refers to an institution established by the National Comprehensive Archives or other independent legal persons to provide paid archives storage services to various enterprises, social groups and individuals. It mainly accepts the storage of archives formed by state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises and bankrupt enterprises, social groups, and individuals in various activities such as work, production, business, and life, which do not have sufficient storage conditions and are too costly to equip with archives storage conditions.

⑴First, in the reform of state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprise archives are poorly managed and even have nowhere to go.

⑵Second, the file management of non-state-owned enterprises is mostly chaotic.

⑶Some social groups and individuals do not have sufficient conditions for archives preservation.

Archives office: or archives consulting service company, is a commercial archives service organization that provides archives affairs services.

⑴The volume of archives business has increased rapidly, especially the workload of archives supervision and guidance has greatly increased, and the archives administrative department is overwhelmed.

⑵ When considering staff establishment, relevant departments often ignore the workload and work surface of the archives administration department, and provide very little staff establishment.

⑶ The participation of archives department personnel in archives labor work will, to a certain extent, weaken the business guidance and supervision functions of the archives administrative department.

⑴The service objects of archives offices are very wide, generally including national comprehensive archives at all levels in the administrative region, various agencies, groups, enterprises, institutions, townships, villages and individual citizens.

⑵The business scope of the archives office is mainly to provide guidance and consultation on archives business and provide various archives service services, such as the organization and binding of archives; the copying, recording, and printing of various archive catalogs; the pasting and damage of archives; Archive rescue.

The archives office is an enterprise unit that operates independently, has independent accounting, and is responsible for its own profits and losses. The employment system generally adopts a combination of appointment system and temporary work system. Adopt an appointment system for a small number of archives professional and technical personnel, and use them to provide guidance and consultation on archives business. Other staff generally implement the temporary work system and mainly perform various labor services.

Current Document Data Center: It can also be called the current document reading/opening center. It is a public archives that collects and centralizes current documents of government agencies. It takes government information disclosure as its basic task to facilitate all walks of life, especially ordinary citizens. Internal agencies that inquire and understand the government's current policies and regulations on various aspects of social affairs management.

It is a new type of document management organization established to meet the needs of my country's government information disclosure and political civilization construction.

⑴ Judging from the operation of the current document and information center, it mainly does the following basic work:

⑵ Judging from the development of the current document and data center, the main problems that need to be further solved are:

Archival work promotes the development of productivity and social progress by providing archives to serve social practice activities. The special way in which archival work realizes its own value determines that it is a service work.

⑴Serviceability is one of the basic attributes of archives work and a basic factor for the survival and development of archives work. Specifically, agency archives work should serve to improve agency administrative efficiency, corporate archives work should serve to improve corporate management efficiency and enhance corporate competitiveness, and national archives work should serve the socio-economic, political, scientific, cultural and other aspects. In addition to providing basic services, it also provides services for the accumulation of national cultural heritage and the formation of information advantages.

⑵The serviceability of archives work is one of the objective attributes of archives work. As one of the social information service departments, archival work is the result of the needs of social division of labor and the development of human civilization. In the historical process of the continuous development of information socialization and social informatization, archival work has and will increasingly show its unique role.

Archival work, especially the role of archives work in human society and culture, determines its strong social and cultural nature. Specifically, the cultural nature of archives work is reflected in:

⑴ Archives are an integral part of social culture, and archives play the role of preserving historical and cultural heritage. As a gathering place for social culture, archives collect archives with important cultural content. In a certain sense, archives play the role of cultural inheritance.

⑵ Archives play the role of disseminating social and cultural knowledge and information. Archives are a treasure house of human cultural wealth and must serve certain political, economic and cultural purposes at all stages of social history. The realization of the social and cultural service functions of archives is an important indicator of the contribution of archives to society.

⑶Archives play a social and cultural educational role. The archives preserved in archives are the crystallization of social and cultural processes and a kind of solidified history. They are reliable witnesses that reflect and maintain the true face of national history, are also an important channel for understanding national history, and are also vivid materials for patriotic education. Therefore, archives are a special position for social and cultural education.

⑷ Archives play a role in developing scientific culture. As an important part of scientific and cultural undertakings and the main body of archival work, archives should contribute to the advancement of social culture. To this end, it is necessary for archives to research and develop the scientific and cultural knowledge recorded in archives. This is the accumulation of archives. , the expansion and extension of the cultural communication function.

Since the specific object of archival work, the archives themselves, have the essential attribute of original recordability, this determines that archival work should always take maintaining and confirming the originality of archives as its basic task. This core work content determines the nature and characteristics of archives work, thus making archives work different from other types of management work. Specifically, the management of archives work is mainly expressed at three levels:

⑴Archival work is a specialized business of managing archives. In a certain sense, archives work is essentially archives management work. The management object of archives work is archives, and the purpose of management is to develop archives information resources to serve the society.

⑵Archival work is an important part of information resource management. Information resource management is a human management activity that uses modern information technology as a means to implement planning, budgeting, organization, command, control, and coordination of information resources in order to ensure the effective utilization of information resources.

⑶Archival work is an integral part of social management activities. Judging from the archival work of specific departments and certain agencies and units, archival work is an integral part of certain management work. From the perspective of systems theory, archival work, a relatively independent management system, is located within larger management systems of different scales and levels.

Archival work is a social phenomenon. In a class society, archival work embodies certain class relations and class interests.

⑴First of all, the service direction of archives work is a concentrated expression of the political nature of archives work. Archival work has always been controlled by a certain class and serves a certain social system and certain lines, principles, and policies.

⑵ Secondly, the degree of openness of archives work is also one of the manifestations of the political nature of archives work. The openness of archival work is reflected in many aspects such as the openness of archival institutions, the openness of archival information content, and the openness of archivists’ concepts. The level at which archival institutions serve the public, and whether the public can successfully utilize the required archival information when participating in the construction of democratic politics, etc., will, to a certain extent, affect the process and level of the construction of political civilization in our country.

⑶The confidentiality of archives work is also one of the manifestations of the political nature of archives work. The confidentiality of archival work is determined by the characteristics of the archives themselves and the interests of the country and the nation. A considerable part of the files involve political, military, economic and commercial secrets of the party and the country.

Archival work is a scientific work, which is specifically reflected in:

⑴Archival work is a job that provides necessary conditions for scientific research and scientific management. Modern scientific research, whether it is natural science or social science research, requires the use of archival materials. Modern scientific management activities must use archival information as an important basis for analyzing management status and predicting management development.

⑵ The practice of archival work contains special laws and rich scientific content. Due to the unique attributes of archives, archives formation and management have their own characteristics. Therefore, in archives work, it is necessary to study and analyze the laws of archives management and form a characteristic theory to guide archives work. The document life cycle theory, archive identification theory, archive classification theory, source principle and post-storage theory that have been formed in archives work are extremely rich in content, which also distinguishes archives work from other types of information management work.

⑶Archival work should make extensive use of the contents of modern management science and the achievements of information technology. The impact of modern management science on archives work is mainly reflected in: first, new changes in management organizations and management methods may trigger new developments in the basic theories of archives; second, the scientific organization and management of archives work also requires the application of modern management science. theories and methods. Moreover, archival work's reliance on information technology is also increasing, and new achievements and new methods of information technology will be widely used in many specific areas of archival work.

Archives work is a specialized job that provides archives to serve society. This nature stipulates that its benefits are social and public welfare. This is the most prominent feature of archives work benefits. In real life it behaves as:

⑴A considerable part of the archive information has the nature of public goods, and they belong to the category of public information services;

⑵ The investment in archives work is for the purpose of serving the society, and has extensive social nature in terms of funding sources. The benefits of investment in archives work are not reflected in the archives department itself, but in all aspects of society and among the vast number of users;

⑶ From the perspective of the way to achieve the effectiveness of archives work, it must rely on all sectors of society to make effective use of archives in the collection.

Society's investment in the archives department is relatively clear, but the archives department's contribution to society, that is, the benefits it brings to society in the process of providing archives and serving society, is relatively vague. This contradiction between the clarity of investment and the ambiguity of benefits forms the hidden characteristic of archival work benefits. The main features of this concealment are:

⑴Archival work sometimes does not directly create value;

⑵From the perspective of the process of exerting the effectiveness of archives, it depends on the use of society and is passive and dependent;

⑶ From the perspective of the income objects invested in archives work, it is not mainly reflected in the archives department itself, but is included in various departments or archives users who use archives. The income from archives work is an indirect income;

(4) From the perspective of where the income from archival work is invested, due to the law of archival value expansion, the income from archival work is widespread and dispersed.

This is mainly for the benefit cycle of archival work, that is, the benefits of archival work are delayed in time.

⑴ Since the archives are collected and opened for use, a time process is required (i.e., the opening lags);

⑵ There also needs to be a time process (i.e. effect lag) from the time files are first opened to being utilized and achieving actual results.

⑶ This causes society to often ignore the benefits of archives work, which affects society’s evaluation of archives work to a certain extent, and also has a certain negative impact on archives work to a certain extent.

⑴Integrated document management

⑵Integration of archives, books, and information management

According to the information processing capabilities of computers and the practice of document processing in archives, libraries and information departments around the world, computers are currently mainly used in archives work management, archives cataloging and retrieval, archives warehouse management and archives department administrative management, etc. aspect.

⑴The key to the success of the construction of digital archives in my country is to use computers and related technologies to digitize paper archives and ensure the "dynamic search and organization" of digital archive information.

⑵ Based on the digitization of archival information resources, the use of relevant technologies can realize the network transmission of archival information and realize the retrieval and utilization of long-distance archival information, thus improving the social effect of archival work.

⑴Archival miniaturization can increase the storage density of archival information, reduce the archive volume, and is conducive to the protection of original archives. It can also use the combination of microfilm technology and computer technology to improve the retrieval level of archival information.

⑵ It is an important task of archival work to use advanced archive storage equipment and archive protection technology to minimize damage to archives by natural physical and chemical factors and extend the life of archives.

⑴Social material production and archival work

⑵Socio-economic and political system and archives work

⑶Scientific and cultural undertakings and archival work

⑷Social archives awareness and archives work

⑴The social contribution of archival work is concentrated in: accumulating data for the continuation and maintenance of social memory; providing necessary data for the development of national political, economic, scientific and cultural management activities, creating social and economic benefits, etc.

⑵In order to create a good social environment for the development of archival work, archives departments and archival workers must also establish a strong social awareness and carry out public relations activities.

⑴The socialization of archives management means that archives are the common wealth of the whole society. Archives management is a common behavior of various organizations, institutions and individuals at all levels of society. Its purpose is to classify the archives of the whole society in different forms. Centralized control to form a social open management system.

⑵ The socialization of archives information services means that archives departments provide archives information to all aspects of society to the greatest extent and on the largest scale while ensuring that the fundamental interests of the country and individual citizens are not harmed. Specifically, the socialization of archival information services is mainly reflected in the following: First, archival work has a clear purpose of being oriented to society, and the development of all tasks must be conducive to the development and utilization of archival information resources. The second is to have an archives policy that is convenient for social use, so that users can use the required archives as conveniently as possible while maintaining confidentiality.

⑶The current document opening work that has appeared in our country in recent years is also one of the important manifestations of the social development law of archives work. In short, with social progress and people's deepening understanding of archival information, society's demand for information resource sharing will become stronger. Archivists should adapt to the laws of socialized development of archival work and unswervingly regard the socialization of archival information services as the development direction of archival work.

The International Archives Council is an international archives professional organization. It was formally established in August 1950 and is headquartered in Paris, France. The State Archives Administration of my country has officially participated in the association since 1980 and is one of the Class A members of the association.

Establishing bilateral archival work cooperation relationships with some countries on the basis of reciprocity is an important form of developing friendly exchanges with external archives, exchanging archival work experience, and cooperating on relevant projects.

Establishing international ties with archives academic groups, archives majors in colleges and universities, archives and other institutions, and carrying out international archives academic exchange activities, is an important aspect of the development of archives undertakings.

The principle of provenance is the basic principle for the organization and management of archives in the international archival community. Many countries have organized and managed their own archives according to this principle. When collecting lost archives and resolving international archive disputes, the integrity of the entire archive must be respected.

Archives are generated by functional subjects in the process of performing functional activities, and their ownership will be transferred with the transfer of functions. According to the principle of functional ownership, any country has the right to reclaim ownership of records necessary for the functioning of its administrative functions.

The concept of retrospective sovereignty was developed by the United Nations and allowed the scope of archival management of new countries to extend to the period prior to independence.

This principle stipulates that archives produced in a certain historical process of a country should become the collection of the national archives and be owned by the country.

⑴First, countries have strong sensitivity to the protection, ownership and inheritance of national archives.

⑵Second, international legislation on archives has gone through three stages, from protection to ownership, and then to inheritance.

⑶Third, the subject of international law, that is, the bearer of rights and obligations, is the state rather than the individual.

⑷ Fourth, when archival legislation is involved internationally, new knowledge and new perspectives on archives and archival work are often discussed or involved, which has research value in the theory and practice of archival science.

Digitization of archival information: refers to the use of database technology, data compression technology, high-speed scanning technology and other technical means to systematically organize documents in traditional media such as paper documents, audio and video files and archived electronic files into files with an orderly structure Digital information base.

⑴Normative principles

⑵Safety principles

⑶Benefits principle

⑴First, the digitization of archive directory information. Its goal is to create an archival catalog database. The key to doing this work well is to strictly standardize the description and indexing of archive information and scientifically select the archive catalog database structure.

⑵The second is the digitization of the full text information of the archives. The digitization of the full-text information of archives can use scanning and entry to store the full-text of the archives as image files page by page according to their original appearance, and compile directory indexes for them, or store the archives content in text format after OCR recognition, supplemented by two different full-text search databases. Way.

⑴The technology for digitizing archival information is immature and uneconomical. At this stage, the main methods for digitizing information resources include keyboard entry and scanning. The main shortcomings of keyboard input are slow speed, low efficiency and high cost; scanning also has shortcomings such as low image quality, slow scanning speed and low Chinese character recognition rate.

⑵Digital object issues. There are a large number of archives preserved in archives, and different archival information has different values, different time limits for open utilization, and different levels of confidentiality. Archives must decide which archival information resources can be digitized, which ones do not need to be digitized or are on hold, and which ones should be digitized first.

⑶ Cooperation issues. Digitizing archival information is a practical problem faced by archival institutions at all levels. Each institution should reach a consensus on the selection of digital objects and build a system for the development and utilization of archival information resources in my country based on division of labor and cooperation.

Archives website: It is a site established by archives institutions on the public information service network. It generally provides relevant archives services and carries out archives publicity in the form of a homepage. The construction of archives website is an important step in the construction of archives informatization. It is an important window for archives departments to contact society.

⑴Service function.

⑵Publicity function

⑶Communication function

⑴Archival work information

⑵Archival institution information

⑶Archive resource information

⑷Archive utilization service information

⑸Local characteristic cultural information

⑴Problems: The goal is not clear enough, the information provided is not rich enough, and the access rate is low.

⑵ Countermeasures: Under the organization of the archives administrative department, set up leading websites, portal websites and model websites; gradually enrich online archive information; focus on the planning and design of archives website construction, and deploy specialized talents.

Digital Archives: It uses network technology to interconnect digital archive information resources distributed in different archive institutions in a networked manner to provide timely utilization and realize the sharing of archive information resources. Its essence is to form an orderly information space and Information environment for resource sharing.

⑴Features in the way of existence

⑵Characteristics of operation mode

⑶ Characteristics of functional positioning

⑴The collection files of the physical archives are the basis for the formation of the digital archives.

⑵The emergence of digital archives has put forward new requirements for the collection construction of physical archives.

⑶Digital archives provide new management and service mechanisms for physical archives.

⑷The relationship between digital archives and physical archives is interdependent and mutually reinforcing.

⑴Archival information management system standards

⑵Archive information security standards

⑶Archival business technical standards

The essence of archives informatization is to provide a new platform and space for the opening and development of archives information resources. Therefore, the orderly, standardized and characteristic construction of archival information resources has become an important link in the construction of archives informatization in accordance with the requirements of informatization. In the construction of archive information resources, the current issues that need attention are:

⑴ Determine the types of information included in the archives information goals.

⑵Co-construction of archive information database

⑴Establishment of information consultation and supervision mechanism

⑵Project management

⑶Plan formulation

⑷Outsourcing management

Archives information construction is a systematic project involving many factors, and there are a series of risks:

⑴Organizational risks

⑵Information security risks

⑶Intellectual property risks

Compared with other non-industry legislation, archives laws are direct in adjusting and regulating people's archives management and information development and utilization. Demonstrated obvious directness in solving and handling problems and conflicts in archives work.

This refers to the specificity of the legal content of the archive. The Archives Law regulates the scope of state management of archives, state agencies and social organizations, citizens’ protection of archives, rights and obligations of using archives, the establishment and responsibilities of national archives agencies, the behavior of managing archives, the publication and utilization of archives, and archives management. and the handling of illegal activities during use have made more specific provisions than other laws.

Comprehensiveness refers to the means provided by archives laws to adjust behaviors related to archives and archives work. These means are not single, but include administrative means, educational means, criminal punishment means and other means. They are comprehensive. Features.

Archives law: It is a concentrated expression of the will of the country and the people in the field of archives work. It is a code of conduct formulated by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee in accordance with the country's constitution and legislative procedures.

Administrative regulations: a general term for administrative normative documents formulated by the State Council in accordance with the Constitution and laws.

the difference

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Administrative regulations: They are normative documents formulated by the ministries and commissions of the State Council, provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, the cities where the people's governments of provinces and autonomous regions are located, and the people's governments of larger cities approved by the State Council, in accordance with the archives laws and archives administrative regulations. general name.

It can be seen that administrative regulations are subordinate to archives laws and archives administrative regulations, or they are the product of the concretization of archives laws and archives administrative regulations, and are more specific and operational. At present, there are a large number of archives administrative regulations, and the areas for adjustment are also very wide. They are an important aspect of the legal construction of our country's archives industry.

The purpose of formulating the Archives Law is to protect the integrity and security of the country’s and nation’s archives, historical and cultural wealth, and to facilitate the development and utilization of archives information resources. This is also the common aspiration of the vast majority of our people. It can be seen that before the formulation of archives law, our country already had an extensive social and ideological foundation for creating archives laws.

On the one hand, it is my country’s long-term experience in the construction of archives administrative regulations and administrative regulations, the experience of foreign archives legislation that can be used for reference, and the practical experience in the construction of other laws in my country; on the other hand, it is the practical experience in archives management and utilization. This provides a solid social practice foundation for the formulation of my country's archives law.

As the highest archives administrative agency in the country, the State Archives Administration is responsible for formulating “national regulatory documents related to archives work.”

Passed on September 5, 1987, implemented on January 1, 1988; first revised on July 5, 1996; second revised on November 17, 2016; revised on June 20, 2020

The Archives Law is not only legislation for state agencies and archives departments, but also legislation for the entire country and society. Its social nature is mainly reflected in the formulation of laws, the content of laws and the implementation of laws.

The relevant provisions in the Archives Law are concise, informative and creative. The programmatic principles and regulations have established forward goals for the development of my country's archives industry and are highly creative.

As the common cultural wealth of the country and nation, archives determine that the archives kept by archives must be opened to the society regularly and in batches to achieve due economic and social benefits. These provisions of the law are a kind of democratic right granted to the citizens by the state. Only when every natural person and legal person conscientiously abides by the obligations stipulated in the Archives Law can his or her democratic rights be protected by law.

The Archives Law is a legal code of conduct that needs to be abided by by the society, and the state ensures its implementation through coercive force. The main manifestations of compulsion include: first, the protection of national archives. It requires state agencies, social organizations and citizens, while enjoying the right to manage and utilize archives, to assume the obligation to protect the security and integrity of national archives; secondly, the state has the responsibility for archives of national and social value that are owned by collectives and individuals. The right of first refusal, as well as the right of compulsory acquisition under special circumstances, and the right of requisition; thirdly, it is also reflected in the treatment and sanctions of perpetrators who violate prohibitive norms.

The "Archives Law" is a departmental law enacted to develop the archives industry in our country and ensure the smooth progress of the archives industry. It provides a principled basis for us to effectively adjust and deal with the basic contradictions and relationships in the field of archives work. Judging from the content of the Archives Law, it provides basic legal means to ensure the smooth progress of our country's archives work, maintain the integrity and security of national archives, and adjust the relationship between national institutions, collectives, and individuals in archival affairs.

Judging from the construction practice of archives regulations in our country, the formulation of the "Archives Law" absorbed the essence of other relevant laws and regulations. However, when the "Archives Law" was completed and came into effect, it became the basis for us to formulate new archives laws and regulations. legal basis. In other words, in the future, when we formulate, revise, and abolish relevant administrative regulations, government regulations and other normative documents, we must use the Archives Law as the criterion.

The relevant provisions of the Archives Law provide basic and effective legal means for the archives administrative department to "administer according to law", effectively stop and punish various illegal activities, and protect the integrity and security of archives with national and social value.

Chapter 4 of the "Archives Law" "Use and Publication of Archives", the opening period of archives, the working conditions and management of the use of archives, the use and management of unopened archives, the right to publish archives, the editing, publication and distribution of archives and historical materials, etc. Matters have been stipulated in a more principled manner. This provides basic legal protection for the development and effective utilization of archives information resources in our country's collections.

To develop our country's national-scale archives undertakings, archives administrative work cannot be weakened. The management of archives depends on scientific archives administration and specific business activities. Therefore, people's governments at all levels must strictly abide by the Archives Law, strengthen the functions of archives administrative agencies, and strengthen administrative management in accordance with the law to ensure the healthy development of our country's archives industry.

⑴First, the implementation of the Archives Law must be based on facts and legal provisions as the criterion.

⑵Second, in implementing the Archives Law, the principle of equality before the law must be adhered to.

⑴Compliance with laws

⑵Application of law

⑶In addition to the above basic methods, there are also some specific methods:

⑴Principle of cautious changes

⑵The principle of unity of principle and operation

⑶Systematic principle

2.Amendments to the Archives Law

Archives administrative regulations: refer to the normative documents on archives administration formulated by the State Council in accordance with my country's Constitution and laws. These include normative documents on national archives administration matters adopted by the plenary session or executive meeting of the State Council or issued with the approval of the State Council.

⑴ Archives administrative regulations must be formulated by the State Council or approved and promulgated by it. No other organization or individual has the right to formulate and publish such documents.

⑵ Archives administrative regulations are a normative document with universal binding force. It is formulated for a certain aspect of administrative management in the archives business, rather than an opinion on how to deal with a specific issue.

⑶ Archives administrative regulations are formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Constitution and laws. Its content must conform to the spirit of the law and cannot conflict with the legal provisions.

⑴Documents that make comprehensive and systematic provisions on archives administrative affairs. Such as the "Decision of the State Council on Strengthening National Archives Work", "Implementation Measures of the Archives Law of the People's Republic of China", etc.

⑵A document that partially stipulates a certain aspect of archives administrative work. Such as the "Regulations on Agency Archives Work" and "National Archives Establishment Principles and Layout Plan".

⑶A document that makes relatively specific provisions on a certain archives administrative work. Such as "Some Opinions on Opening Historical Archives" and so on.

⑴General attributes of archives administrative regulations

⑵The particularity of archives administrative regulations

Administrative regulations generally include departmental regulations and local regulations.

Departmental regulations: is the general name for the normative documents formulated by various departments of the State Council within the scope of their authority in accordance with laws and administrative regulations. They are numerous in number and cover a wide range of areas of adjustment, making them an important source of administrative law.

Local regulations: It is the general term for the normative legal documents formulated by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities where the people's governments of provinces and autonomous regions are located, and larger cities established with the approval of the State Council in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, etc.

⑴Archives administrative regulations are subordinate to national laws and administrative regulations.

⑵ Archives administrative regulations have general or specific applicability.

⑶Coordination and consistency among archives administrative regulations.

⑷Compare the advantages of archives law

⑸Difference from administrative decision

⑴Based on the formulation subject

⑵Based on content

⑶Based on actual effectiveness and nature of implementation

Archival professional ethics has its own specific content, which can clearly reflect the characteristics of this profession, thereby distinguishing archival professional ethics from other professional ethics. Such as being loyal to history, maintaining the true face of history, being loyal and trustworthy, keeping confidentiality, being rigorous and realistic, etc.

Professional ethics is a professional expression of the moral principles and moral norms of a certain society or class. Generally speaking, it is adapted to the specific environmental conditions of professional activities in a certain society. Under different social and historical conditions, different countries, and even different industries, archival professional ethics have specific regulations.

Archival professional activities have the characteristics of historical inheritance. In a certain sense, in different social and historical periods, their professional social responsibilities, obligations, service methods, contents, means, etc. have many similarities. In different periods of social development, the professional psychology, work habits and moral requirements of archivists often have a certain degree of inheritance and continuity.

Archives professional ethics: refers to the basic code of conduct that archivists should abide by when engaging in archival administration, archives storage and utilization services and other functional activities. It is an important component of the entire social professional ethics system. Like professional ethics in all walks of life, they all have distinct characteristics of the times and history, professionalism and specificity, sociality and class characteristics.

1. Be loyal to one’s duties and dedicated to one’s job

2. Observe laws and strictly keep confidentiality

3. Be knowledgeable and make progress, and serve fairly

1. Archival professional ethical ideals and professional ethical obligations

2. Archival professional ethics emotions and professional ethics behaviors

3. Archival professional attitude and professional conscience

4. Professional honor and professional dignity of archival work

At present, most of the standards formulated by my country and international archives work organizations are technical standards, such as the "Archival Description Rules", "Electronic Document Archiving and Management Standards", etc.

Mandatory standards refer to standards that ensure the security of national archives wealth and standards that are enforced by the state through laws and administrative regulations; other standards are recommended standards.

Formal standards refer to standards that are directly related to archives and archives management among the archives work standards; reference standards refer to the relevant work standards developed by other industries that have to be used for reference because there are currently no formal standards to follow.

①International standards refer to standards that have been formulated by international authoritative organizations and are generally recognized and adopted internationally.

② Regional standards, also known as international regional standards, refer to standards that are only applicable to a certain region of the world and have been adopted by world regional standardization organizations.

③National standards refer to standards that are of great significance to the national economy and technological development and must be unified nationwide.

④ Professional standards (industry standards) refer to standards approved and issued by professional competent departments and unified within the scope of that department.

⑤Enterprise standards refer to technical standards adhered to within the enterprise.

Because the targets of archival work standards are repetitive and diverse, in order to make a certain aspect of work advanced, reasonable and feasible as a whole, it must be based on the relevant standards and regulations that have been formulated. Standardize control.

After adopting the document integrated management model, some repetitive work contents that were performed separately in the past when file management and archives management were separated can be simplified by formulating relevant management standards to simplify the redundant, repetitive, and low-function work links. The overall functions of the document integrated management system are improved, and the performance is improved and optimized.

Using archival work standards, one or more scientific, advanced, and reasonable methods can be determined through optimization of two or more conceptual expressions, technical indicators, work processes, and working methods for objects of the same nature in the field of files and archival work. , indicators, processes, etc., thereby improving the efficiency of the entire archival work.

Simplification is to reduce the number of object types within a certain range to a standardized form that is sufficient to meet general needs within a given time and space. Generally speaking, simplification is a primary form of standardization that is widely used in archives management practice. It is not a subjective arbitrary reduction, but only removes the redundant, repetitive, and low-function links in file management. Through standardized and simplified processing, the overall optimization of the integrated document management system can be achieved.

Unification is the merging of two or more manifestations of the same thing into one or a standardized form limited to a range. Although it is also a primary form of standardization, it is the dominant form and means of standardization. There are many objects in archives management activities that need to be unified in terms of methods, operating procedures, terminology symbols, parameter signs, etc., in order to improve the standardization level of archives management. The main content and scope of unification include unification within a certain range/degree/level/level/time/reasonable majority.

Serialization is an advanced form of archival work standards. It is based on the needs of the development of the archives industry, through in-depth and comprehensive analysis and research on the development laws of certain standardized objects, and reasonable predictions of the development trends of the same objects at home and abroad. Combined with the different development conditions of our country's archives work, the relevant standard indicators should be appropriately merged and simplified, and arranged according to certain rules, as a basis for guiding the development of our country's archives undertakings.

Universalization refers to archive work standards that can be used interchangeably between different standardized objects. Such as basic terminology standards for archival work, standards for archive registration symbols, etc. Paying attention to the universality of archives work standards is also a basic requirement to improve the quality of my country's archives work standardization work.

Typification means taking the most advanced and reasonable working methods, working procedures, technical indicators, technical parameters, technical means or management regulations as samples, and requiring or advocating that future archival work in related areas refer to this implementation to achieve a unified process. It can gradually realize the overall optimization of file management level.

All enterprises and institutions are vigorously building document integrated information management systems. The key link in this work is to establish a standard database structure that covers the entire organization. Within this structure, the format and information of document information are reasonably specified. The logical relationship of links is crucial content. It can be seen that formatting is one of the important forms of archives management, especially the integrated management of documents in the modern information society.

Within the archival work standard system, it is necessary to ensure that the content of each standard is consistent, and at the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the content and technical content of various related standards are consistent. Only in this way can the systematicness of the archival work standard system and its consistency with other related standards be effectively maintained.

The content of each specific standard within the archives work standard system must reflect optimized technology, work procedures and organizational procedures, must be higher than the specific operational content of general management work, and have a certain degree of technological and management advancement.

The construction of the archives work standard system must be based on the actual development needs and objective possibilities of archives work, and relevant standards must be formulated in a timely manner to reflect the orderliness of the modernization of archives work.

In the process of establishing the archival work standard system, relevant parties must pay attention to ensuring that the standards maintain relative stability within a certain time and space range. We cannot consider the scientific nature and advancement of standards in isolation, while ignoring their stability and inheritance, otherwise it will easily lead to confusion in actual work.

When formulating archives work standards, one should consciously abide by the relevant provisions of the country's archives laws, regulations, administrative rules and other legal norms; and pay attention to coordination with relevant standards at the same level. The archives work standards of subordinates must not conflict with the archives work standards of superiors.

The textual expressions in the archives work standardization documents should be accurate, concise, easy to understand, and logically rigorous to avoid making it difficult to understand or have different understandings.

The drawings, tables, numerical values, formulas, chemical formulas and other technical content in the archival work standards should be accurate.

In formulating archival work standards, the terms, symbols, and codes in the same standard should be unified and consistent with other relevant standards.

The composition of archives work standards, content arrangement, hierarchical division and numbering, and preparation details should meet the prescribed requirements.

①Notice of project establishment by the State Archives Administration responsible for producing and issuing archive work standards;

② Relevant organizations, departments, units or individuals can fill in the standard project plan tasks of the National Archives Administration after determining the standard projects to be developed based on the archives work standard system table and standard project establishment guide, combined with the actual situation of the region and department. Book;

③After the deadline for project application in various places, the National Single Work Standardization Technical Committee should convene a meeting to focus on demonstrating and reviewing the archival work standards for project application, and make recommendations to the State Archives Administration on whether to approve the project;

④ Based on the recommendations of the Standardization Technical Committee, the State Archives Administration will formally notify the approved projects and allocate standard subsidies at the same time;

⑤ For the standards after the project is established, the project undertaker should carefully draft the standards in accordance with the provisions and writing requirements of the "Standardization Work Guidelines".

①Standard consultation stage.

②Standard submission stage.

③Standard approval stage.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, during this period, due to the strong closedness of our country's archives management work, the relatively single composition of archives in each unit, and the weak social demand for archives management standards, standardization work was still in its infancy.

Some technical standards have achieved good practical results in their implementation, and they have also paved the way for the further development of archives management standardization work.

Since the promulgation and implementation of the Archives Law, the standardization of archives work across the country has gradually been put on the track of legalization.

Archives work standard system: It is a dynamic and guiding document that is interconnected and mutually restricted and consists of several basic standards for archives work and business technical standards. Among them, basic standards refer to standards that guide the standardization of archives work and are widely used in the formulation of standards; business technical standards refer to archives work standards formulated specifically for archives management objects in a certain aspect.

⑴Principle of necessity

⑵Principles of scientificity and feasibility

⑶Principle of comprehensiveness

⑷Principle of predictability

⑴Basic standards for archival work

⑵Archival work business technical standards

⑶Standards related to archival work standards

①As far as its content is concerned, archives are essentially records of primary data, information and knowledge of human social activities, which involve all aspects of natural science and social science. The comprehensiveness of archival information objectively determines that archival science, which takes it as one of its research objects, must be comprehensive; archival work is another research object of archival science. The core issue of archival work is scientific management, and human society All scientific management activities have dual characteristics, namely social attributes and natural attributes. In this regard, archival science also has comprehensive characteristics.

②The comprehensiveness of the research objects of archival science determines that its research content and research methods are also comprehensive. The comprehensiveness of the research content of archives science is firstly reflected in the fact that its subject content as a whole is the product of the intersection and mutual penetration of related disciplines in the two major fields of natural science and social science. It is also reflected in the fact that archives science has extensive external connections. In its development process, archives science has accommodated and absorbed the theoretical results and technical methods of many related disciplines, involving both social sciences and natural sciences.

③The comprehensiveness of archival science research methods is mainly reflected in the openness of the archival science research method system, which extensively draws on, transplants and applies research methods from many related disciplines, whether it is social science research methods such as social survey methods, or experimental methods, etc. Research methods commonly used in various disciplines of natural science can be applied to the research of archival science.

With the development of archival work, the research scope of archival science continues to expand, leading to the continuous emergence of its sub-disciplines and the increasingly perfect disciplinary system. The continuous progress of society and the continuous development of science and technology also require archival science to continuously expand new research fields, update outdated rational understandings, enrich its research content, and enable archival science to develop in a depth direction.

The development and construction of archival science can draw the nutrients needed for its own development from the ideological systems of related adjacent disciplines. All methods, theories, technologies, and archival science that are conducive to guiding the scientific conduct of archival work can be developed according to the needs of practice. "Compatibility", while paying attention to the "sublation" of relevant borrowed and absorbed content.

⑴The issue of the subject system of archives science is an important topic to be studied in the construction of archives science itself after the development of archives science reaches a certain historical stage.

⑵ On the one hand, the study of the subject system of archives science can enable the academic community to have a comprehensive overview of the overall development of archives science, which has good academic value.

⑶On the other hand, the study of the archival science discipline system can also provide an objective ideological guidance for the construction and development of archival science itself.

⑴The archival science discipline system is the unity of static and dynamic nature

⑵The archival science discipline system is the unity of macro structure and micro structure

⑶The unification of traditional subjects and emerging subjects in the archival science subject system

The basic theory of archival science is a general theory about archival phenomena. It is composed of rational understanding of general understanding of archival phenomena and common issues of various branches of archival science. Research on basic theories of archival science should pay attention to the construction of the following subjects:

⑴Principles of Archival Science

⑵Archive terminology

⑶Archival regulations

⑷Comparative Archives

The research scope of archival history mainly includes the following three parts:

⑴History of Chinese Archives

⑵History of foreign archives undertakings

⑶History of Archives

The applied theory of archives science is a discipline category of archives science that aims at studying specific problems, specific principles, and specific methods with universal laws in archives management. Its theoretical content and system have distinct practicality and can generally be directly used to guide archival work practice activities. The applied theory of archives science is the main part of the archival science discipline system, and its research is mainly related to the following specific disciplines:

⑴ Archives Management

⑵Archives Management

⑶Technology Archives Management

⑷ Archival Compilation

The modernization of archives management cannot be without the support of modern archives management application technology. The task of studying archival application technology should mainly be undertaken by the following disciplines:

⑴ Archives Protection Technology

⑵Archive microcopy technology

⑶ File computer management technology

A general trend in the development of modern science is the intersection and synthesis between disciplines. This cross-over and comprehensive development trend has become increasingly prominent in the research field of archival science with the continuous deepening and development of archival science research. In the intersection and marginal areas between archival science and other disciplines, the main subject areas worth exploring include:

⑴Record information management (document information management)

⑵Document Management

⑶ Archives Sociology

⑷Archival Psychology

⑴The scientific and systematic study of archival phenomena as an independent and specialized issue began in the 1920s and 1930s. Its specific manifestations are:

⑵The characteristics of archival ideological research during this period are:

⑴After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the construction and development of various national undertakings, my country's national-scale archival undertakings began to take off in the early 1950s. The archival science discipline system with Chinese characteristics began to be rebuilt, and Chinese archival science research entered a new stage. A new period of development. Its main achievements include:

⑵The characteristics of archival science construction in this period are:

⑴After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China has entered a new period of historical development. Various social construction undertakings, including archives undertakings, have begun to embark on the road of recovery, rectification, development and improvement. The development of archival science in China has also ushered in a golden period of discipline construction, creating a prosperous situation for archival science research. The main factors behind this boom include:

⑵The characteristics of the third development stage of archival science are:

⑴As a management activity, archives management has its own particularities. For the overall theoretical understanding and analysis of this work, different theoretical perspectives and methods can be adopted. For example, we can use the perspectives and methods of information theory, system theory, and cybernetics to divide it into the collection, processing, processing, output, feedback, and adjustment of archival information, and analyze it as a relatively independent working system as a whole. Research. Of course, we can also understand and analyze it from the perspective of specific business operations of archives management, such as collection, organization, and storage.

⑵ At present, the Chinese archives industry generally combines the above two perspectives and methods and divides archives management work into "eight contents" and "two major aspects". Expanding the eight contents is essentially the content of archives management. The division of the two major aspects (ie, entity management and development and utilization of information content) has macro-theoretical guiding significance.

⑴Archives classification is an important method of archives management, and there are two major schools: "historicism" and "logicism".

⑵The principle of provenance is the specific application of the historicist method in archives management.

⑶Document life cycle theory is a theory that analyzes and studies document and archive management issues from a macro perspective.

⑷ Archives identification is one of the key points and difficulties in archives management. It is a task full of complexity and confusion.

⑴ In 1841, France first proposed a new principle of archives organization, the "principle of respecting the entire family". This was the first time that France proposed the concept of "the entire family" and the idea of ​​"respecting the entire family" based on the source of the archives. It changed It abandoned the past practice of dismantling and classifying archives of the same creator according to themes, and pointed out that the first step in organizing archives is to maintain the connection between their sources.

⑵The reason why the principle of respecting the entire collection became the origin of the principle of source is not only because it takes the source of the archives as the standard for forming the entire collection. Respecting the essence of the entire collection means respecting the source. What’s more important is that it begins to possess the core idea of ​​the principle of provenance – archives from the same source must not be dispersed, and archives from different sources must not be confused.

⑴ On the basis of inheriting the French principle of respecting the entire family, Germany proposed the "registration room principle", which marked the formal formation of the principle of origin.

⑵ In the chaotic situation of organizing collections and archives, Germany, inspired by the French experience, abandoned the original principle of cause and clearly proposed the "Registration Room Principle" in 1881 that was consistent with the core idea of ​​respecting the entire family. The main content of this principle includes two meanings: first, the National Secret Archives first sorts its collections according to their sources to maintain the source connection between the archives and the forming agency; second, the archives must also retain the original order of the archives in the business process of the forming agency and finishing marks.

⑶The importance of the registration room principle is that it is not only a simple inheritance of the principle of respecting the entire sect, but also a development and innovation. It incorporates more historicism and development ideas, and more clearly requires archives to be organized to reflect the historical process and organic connections of archive formation. It is the complete embodiment of the idea of ​​​​the source principle and the symbol of the formal formation of the source principle.

⑴Although the principle of provenance first originated and formed in France and Germany, the first people to theoretically demonstrate this principle were Dutch archival scholars. They not only elaborated on the theoretical basis of the principle of provenance, but also made this principle truly international. the path of cultural dissemination.

⑵ In 1898, three Dutch archival scholars, Samuel Mueller, John Fiss and Robert Froing, published the monograph "Handbook for the Organization and Cataloging of Archives". The three scholars scientifically explained the definition and nature of the quanzong and the characteristics of the archives organization system within the quanzong, and completed the rigorous demonstration of the source principle step by step.

⑶One of the important contributions of the "Dutch Manual" is to lay the theoretical foundation for the source principle. On the one hand, it puts forward the core view that "the entire ancestry is an organic whole"; on the other hand, it puts forward another core view that "the archives organization system within the ancestry must be based on the establishment of the internal organizational structure of the agency." It made the two theoretical cores of the principle of origin - respect for the whole sect and respect for the original order - basically mature, and finally disintegrated the dominance of the principle of cause.

⑷The second important contribution of the "Dutch Manual" is to promote the widespread dissemination of the principle of provenance. The principle of provenance has gradually spread to countries around the world, been recognized by the international archives community, and has become the most basic principle of the archives profession. Promoting the principle of origin began to embark on the track of international dissemination.

⑵The starting point for the universal recognition of the principle of provenance was an international archives conference. In 1910, the International Conference of Librarians and Archivists was held in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. The conference achieved two important results: First, it prompted archivists from various countries to begin to realize the importance of international cooperation, thus creating a harmonious voice for international archival cooperation. ; The second is to conduct a long discussion on the "Dutch Manual", establish that the core idea of ​​the manual is the source principle, and declare this principle to be the basic principle of archival professionals.

⑵The significance of the Brussels Conference is that it is not only the starting point for international cooperation in the field of archives, but also a symbol of the establishment of the principle of provenance. It kicked off the widespread dissemination, application and development of the source principle and created a favorable international environment.

⑴ Fondation is a concept originated in France, which is expressed as "Fond" in French. The core idea of ​​the principle of provenance is essentially to establish the entire canon and maintain its integrity. However, the word "Fond" has no corresponding word in English, which raises the problem of how English-speaking countries express the concept of Fond and reflect the idea of ​​origin. The United Kingdom and the United States successfully solved this problem. The "combination" idea they proposed is not only an inheritance of the source principle, but also a flexible application.

⑵The British principle of accepting sources is reflected in the famous British archival scholar Hilary Jenkinson's masterpiece "Archives Management Handbook" published in 1922. He pioneered the concept of "Archive Group" to correspond to the French word "Fond" : His "combination" thought is concentrated in a systematic discussion of the meaning and characteristics of archive combination.

⑶ Under the influence of the United Kingdom, the United States also proposed the idea of ​​​​"combination" with its own characteristics to flexibly apply the principle of origin. In 1941, the U.S. National Archives officially launched the concept of "Record Group" (i.e., document combination) as the basic unit for organizing and classifying collections and archives.

⑷The British and American "combination ideas" are all based on the principle of source, because they both emphasize that archive combination or document combination must maintain the identity of the source. But the UK is relatively mechanical, while the US is more flexible.

⑴The principle of origin has also been questioned during the communication process. This is mainly because the source principle that originated in the 19th century will inevitably not fully adapt to the new characteristics of modern institutions and modern documents in the 20th century. If the American combination thought is still an adjustment to the principle of provenance, then the principle of free provenance proposed by German archival scholar Adolf Brenneke is a revision of the principle of provenance.

⑵The principle of free source has certain progressive significance. On the one hand, the principle of free sources gives archivists greater room for activity in terms of organization, allowing them to flexibly adjust the unreasonable organization system within the entire collection. On the other hand, the principle of free source still insists on treating the principle of source as a general principle, emphasizing on maintaining the inherent organic connection of archives. However, the two factors of source and cause can be taken into consideration when sorting out the information, and the emphasis can be placed on it under different circumstances.

⑶ However, the free source principle also has certain limitations. Brenneck's view of maintaining the proportional relationship between sources and causes seems too vague and difficult to understand and implement. And his free choice of sources and criteria may even lead to deviations from the essence of the source principle. In short, the free source principle can only be seen as a partial correction and development of the source principle, rather than a negation and innovation.

⑴ From the 1960s to the 1970s, the Soviet Union gradually constructed a relatively complete set of systematic quanma theory, which enriched and developed the principle of origin, which can be summarized into three aspects: ① First, enrich and develop the quanma theory in a timely manner according to the development of the times. ② Second, he creatively proposed the concept of "document quanzong"; ③ Third, he constructed a quanzong conceptual system governed by the national archives quanzong, and based on this, he proposed a complete set of quanzong theory. It can be seen that the Soviet doctrine of the entire sect is a creative development of the source principle.

⑵ Our country’s Quanzong theory was gradually formed on the basis of learning from the Soviet model, and it also enriched and developed the principle of origin. By the 1980s, our country had basically formed a mature theoretical system of Quanzong. This system mainly includes five aspects: ① First, it clearly puts forward the definition and basic meaning of Quanzong; ② Second, it clearly puts forward ③ Third, the main criteria for classifying the types of quanzong are clearly put forward; ④ Fourth, the concept of "quanzong group" is clearly put forward; ⑤ Fifth , clarified the scientific method for classifying archives within the entire collection. In short, my country's quanzong theory has enriched the theoretical content of the source principle and made the theoretical system more mature.

"Respecting the source" is the first level of the source principle, which means that archives should first organize archives according to source standards and maintain the source connection between the archives and the creator. (In the process of creation and processing of archives, various historical connections will be formed, such as source connection, time connection, content connection and form connection, etc. Among them, the source connection between the archives and the creator is the primary connection and the most fundamental connection. Practice has proved that archives with many collection sources must first draw the boundaries of the sources in order to associate the archives with their specific creators and their activities and ensure the essential attribute of the archives as original records.)

"Respecting the integrity of the entire collection" is the second level of the source principle, which means that a entire collection is an organic whole. The integrity of the entire collection must be maintained when organizing the archives, so that the archives of the same collection cannot be dispersed, and the files of different collections must not be dispersed. Files must not be mixed. (The principle of provenance states that archives from the same source constitute a fonds. A fonds is an archival whole formed in the activities of specific institutions and individuals. This whole has internal organic connections. When organizing archives, the independence of the fonds must be respected and the fonds must be maintained. )

"Respecting the original arrangement system within the entire ancestry" is the third level of the source principle, which means that the archives within the entire ancestry must be organized in a manner that makes full use of the original organization basis and respects the original order and method of arrangement obtained by the institution where the entire ancestry was formed. The reorganization should not be easily disrupted. (Generally speaking, the entire sect has been sorted out to a certain extent in the formation authority, forming a relatively fixed original order and mark. This original arrangement system is also an important manifestation of the organic integrity of the sect. Respecting this system is also An important manifestation of respect for the integrity of the entire sect.)

⑴ The questioning of the principle of provenance changed in the mid-1980s, and the North American archival community began to re-understand the core position of the principle of provenance. The starting point of this change was in 1985, when American archival scholars Richard Wright and David Bierman published the famous paper "The Power of the Provenance Principle." Driven by this paper, by the 1990s, the European and American archival circles increasingly recognized the important value and guiding significance of the provenance principle in modern document management, especially electronic document management. They came to the conclusion that whether it is now or in the future, the management of electronic records and the many challenges posed to archives management in the electronic era cannot abandon the principle of provenance. On the contrary, they can only rely more on the principle of provenance. This is the so-called "The Rediscovery of the Source Principle." The essence of this rediscovery is a "new source view".

⑵The reasons for the controversy over the meaning of the concept of origin mainly come from two aspects: First, the huge changes in social structure have led to frequent and drastic changes in modern organizations, which has caused unprecedented difficulties in dividing the entire collection according to the origin of the institution; second, electronic The method and characteristics of document formation are very different from paper documents, breaking the traditional model of only one physical agency corresponding to the document group.

⑴The meaning of the source concept advocated by the new source view refers to the formation process and background of the document, that is, who created the document, under what conditions, what data was used, for various purposes, and what kind of structural form it adopted, etc. Comprehensive background information, This source information is key to understanding, managing and utilizing electronic records.

⑵The innovation point of the new source view is mainly reflected in the expansion of the meaning of the concept of source. It is no longer limited to simply understanding the source as an intuitive, clear, and tangible document formation organ. At the same time, the relatively abstract document formation process is also regarded as the manifestation of the source, thus better adapting to the special requirements of electronic documents. . At present, the archives industry at home and abroad mostly adopt the concept of "metadata" to refer to the source information generated by electronic files. Metadata can not only effectively ensure the readability and understandability of electronic documents, but also truly serve as a strong guarantee for the originality and evidence of electronic documents.

The “rediscovery” of the source principle has great and far-reaching significance, which is mainly reflected in three levels:

⑴The first is at the level of the source principle itself. The "rediscovery" of the source principle enhances the vitality of the source principle in the electronic age and is the self-adjustment, perfection and sublimation of the source principle.

⑵The second is at the theoretical level of archival science. The "rediscovery" of the principle of provenance fully proves that the idea of ​​historicism is the "navigation mark" that guides the principle of provenance to cope with future challenges and is the rational soul of the archival profession.

⑶ Once again, it is at the archival professional level. The “rediscovery” of the provenance principle enlightens us that no matter how archival practice changes and no matter how archival theory develops, the independence and uniqueness of the archival profession are always based on the essential attributes of archives.

⑴First of all, the document here is a broad concept, which refers to all information records directly generated and used in human social practice activities, regardless of its carrier form and recording method. Contrary to the narrow view of documents, the document life cycle theory treats documents as a collective concept, emphasizing that current documents and historical archives are just synonyms for a specific stage in the movement of generalized documents, and are all components of generalized documents.

⑵Secondly, the phenomenon of file movement is like the phenomenon of life. It is a complete movement process from its initial generation to its final destination. Moreover, this development process is continuous and unified. The so-called current documents and historical archives are just different stages of movement of the same thing.

⑴First of all, the overall movement process of the file has stage characteristics. The document life cycle theory believes that the overall movement process of documents from formation to destruction or permanent preservation is not static. On the contrary, it shows obvious stage changes. China and foreign countries have divided the document movement process into slightly different stages -

⑵ Secondly, each stage of the file movement process has different characteristics. If the file movement process is uniformly divided into three stages: current, semi-current and non-current, then each stage has its own characteristics.

⑶ Again, the fundamental reason for the periodic changes in documents is the regular changes in the value form of documents.

⑴First of all, the specific value form of documents at each stage corresponds to different service objects, storage locations and management methods.

⑵Secondly, the changes in the document service objects, storage locations and management methods in the above stages are only external manifestations of the different stages of document movement. Only changes in the value form are its internal determinants.

⑴First of all, the Chinese and foreign archival circles believe that a new understanding of the life cycle of electronic files is needed.

⑵ Secondly, the Chinese and foreign archival circles have also put forward different views on the stage division of the electronic document life cycle.

⑶ Thirdly, the Chinese and foreign archival circles also believe that the correspondence between the specific value of each stage of a document and related factors revealed by the document life cycle theory is no longer applicable to electronic documents.

⑴Development stage

⑵Content

⑶Progress

⑴First, the integrity of file movement remains unchanged. The original first basic point of the document life cycle theory can be adjusted to "from the formation to the destruction or permanent storage of electronic documents, it is also a complete movement process, and this process should be integrated into a unified electronic document management system."

⑵Secondly, the phased characteristics of file movement change. The original two basic points of the document life cycle theory can be revised as “the complete movement process of electronic documents can also be divided into several stages according to the changes in the value form of electronic documents, but there is no clear boundary between different stages. The document has the possibility of being transformed into a forward stage."

⑶ Thirdly, the corresponding relationship between the value form of documents at each stage and related factors has also undergone some changes. The original third basic point of the document life cycle theory can be revised as "electronic documents still have different service objects and management methods due to specific value forms at each stage, but the corresponding relationship between the stages of electronic documents and their storage locations has been weakened and may even be lost.”

⑷In addition, in view of the characteristics of electronic documents, the document life cycle theory also needs to add a fourth basic point, that is, "the entire management and front-end control of the movement process of electronic documents should be further strengthened, and the starting point needs to be extended to the design of the electronic document management system ".

⑴The age identification theory was proposed by German archival scholar Meisner in 1901.

⑵Messner's identification theory is of groundbreaking significance. ① First of all, he put forward the famous assertion that "elderly cases should be respected" for the first time; ② Secondly, he put forward more systematic identification principles and standards for the first time; ③ Thirdly, he proposed for the first time that the source of archives is the most important factor. One of the important identification standards. His opinion was the first affirmation of the applicability of the provenance principle in identification theory.

⑴The representative figure of this appraisal view is the British archival scholar Hilary Jenkinson. The core point is that archivists should not be involved in the identification and destruction of documents, and identification should be left to the discretion of administrative officials.

⑵ Jenkinson's identification theory has its correct and reasonable side, because archive documents are neither formed by archivists nor used by archivists. Naturally, their value judgment and preservation cannot be determined by archivists alone, but should mainly be determined by archival documents. Determined by the creators and users.

⑵ However, his exclusion of archivists from the appraisal work also has obvious limitations. This is because: ① First, administrative officials lack objective historical and cultural awareness. If they alone decide on the preservation and destruction of archives, they often fail to do so. Conducive to maintaining the original evidence of the archives. Administrative officials will inevitably deliberately eliminate, destroy, or even fabricate documents that are unfavorable or beneficial to them for personal purposes; ② Second, excluding archivists from participating in appraisals is not conducive to ensuring the overall quality of archives. Because it is difficult for administrative officials to accurately grasp the "degree" of destruction, it is easy to destroy too much or too little; thirdly, excluding archival personnel from participating in appraisal is not conducive to the full discovery and realization of the value of archives. Because administrative officials stand as an agency, it is difficult to comprehensively judge the historical and cultural value of archives from the perspective of overall social needs.

⑴The functional identification theory was proposed by Polish archival scholar Kalinski on the basis of Meisner’s identification theory.

⑵The progressive significance of functional identification theory is that it further develops Meisner's thought of source identification. Because it not only emphasizes that the identification of archives value is directly related to the status and functions of the forming agency, but also finds a corresponding relationship between the two, that is, the higher the status of the forming agency and the more important its functions, the greater the value of the archival documents.

⑶After practical testing, although this conclusion has certain scientificity and universality, its limitations and one-sidedness are also obvious. Because without a detailed analysis of the intrinsic value of documents, and only from the external perspective of the organization, it is inevitably superficial and extensive; and only the status and level of the organization are used to determine the preservation and destruction of archives and delimit the storage period of archives. It is even more one-sided and arbitrary.

⑷In fact, the documents of high-level agencies may not all have preservation value, and the documents of low-level agencies may not have no preservation value either. The value of archival documents, especially the historical and cultural value, must not be determined solely by the level and status of the organization in which it was formed, but should be comprehensively and in-depth analyzed.

⑴The dual value theory of documents was proposed by American archival scholar Schellenberg. He believes that public documents have two different values: one is the primary value to the original organization; the other is the secondary value to other organizations and individual users. Among them, the administrative officials of the forming agencies bear the main responsibility for the identification of the first value, while the identification of the second value should be mainly completed by the archives department and its staff.

⑵The progress and depth of this appraisal view are reflected in the fact that it not only avoids the one-sidedness of appraisal and is conducive to the comprehensive discovery of the historical value of archives, but also profoundly reflects the close connection between historical archives and current documents, providing a basis for the transition from agency documents to archives. The integrated management of library archives provides a strong guarantee.

⑶The theoretical contributions of this appraisal view are: first, it confirms that the value of archives is the relationship between the archival document object and the needs of the user's subject, truly revealing the essence of value; second, it divides the value of archives into two forms according to the different needs of the subject. , making the understanding more in-depth.

⑴This view of identification was proposed by some American archival scholars after Schellenberg, and its representatives mainly include Fisburn, Bridgeford, and Finch. Their core view is to regard the actual use and expected use of scholars, especially historians, as the most important criterion for identifying archives, and advocate that the secondary value determines the fundamental nature of archives. This view of appraisal starts from the perspective of the user, emphasizing that the needs of scholars are the decisive criterion for judging the value of documents.

⑵ Although advocates of utilization determinism hope to enhance public awareness of archives by paying attention to the needs of users, which has certain positive significance and rationality, the limitations of this view of identification cannot be denied, and it is likely to bring serious consequences. as a result of. ① Because on the one hand, using determinism will make the identification process very arbitrary, fragmentary and uncoordinated. If archivists are too closely connected with the academic market, the collection of archives will inevitably be limited to meeting narrow academic research needs and will not be able to broadly reflect all aspects of human social life; ② On the other hand, the use of determinism actually destroys the role of documents in their The organic connections formed in the business activities of the former completely ignore the need of the former to continue the institutional memory. It separates the identification standard from the document and its creator itself, thus weakening the important status of the document source and damaging the real value of the document in social memory.

⑴ Macro appraisal theory is a general term, which mainly includes "social analysis and functional appraisal theory", "documentation strategy" and "macro appraisal strategy".

⑵The common points of macro appraisal theory:

⑶ However, its shortcoming is that this kind of macroscopic identification is difficult to be concretized in actual operations. It is extremely difficult to concretize it into operable identification standards, which can easily lead to superficial and extensive identification results.

Archival appraisal theories in various countries have basically reached a consensus on the value of archives, that is, most believe that the value of archives is composed of two basic factors: first, the characteristics of the archives themselves, including their content, source, form and other characteristics; second, Society’s objective demand for the use of archives. In other words, archive value is a relationship and the extent to which archives meet the needs of users.

⑴These two factors have their own characteristics and have different impacts on the value of archives. The content, source and formal characteristics of the archives themselves have obvious certainty and stability, and they will not change once they are created, so they are the basis of the archives’ value; while the society’s demand for the use of archives is highly uncertain and unstable. , is always in the process of constant development and change, and therefore becomes the main determinant of the value of archives.

⑵ These two factors also interact and depend on each other in the process of determining the value of archives. Archival objects are the material carriers of archival value. Without the archives themselves, archival value can only be empty talk. Similarly, social demand is a prerequisite for the realization of archive value. If it is divorced from social demand, the value of archives will be impossible to talk about. Therefore, these two factors must be considered comprehensively during identification, so that the identified archive value can be scientific and comprehensive.

The principle of archive appraisal is a working principle summarized and refined based on the development law of archive value, which has universal guiding significance for the actual work of appraisal. From the perspective of historical development, the stipulations of identification principles in the archives identification theories of various countries have shown increasingly macroscopic characteristics, among which the theoretical summary of the Soviet Union and my country is the most typical.

⑴ The Soviet Union proposed four basic principles for archive appraisal: ① The first is the principle of historicism, which requires appraisers to regard archives as products of a certain historical period; ② The second is the principle of party spirit, which requires that the nature of archives be determined when evaluating the value of archives. Class nature; ③ The third is the principle of comprehensiveness, which is the most complex principle, requiring the content of archives to be studied from various aspects and considering all factors that affect the value of archives; ④ The fourth is the principle of systematicity, which is important in identifying The most widely used method requires that the value of archives should not be viewed in isolation, but should be placed in a group of documents with organic connections for value evaluation.

⑵The contents of the archive appraisal principles proposed by our country are: the value of archives must be determined based on the overall needs of society and from a comprehensive, historical, and developmental perspective. This appraisal principle actually contains two meanings: first, it establishes the basic guiding ideology and starting point of archive appraisal; second, it determines the three basic viewpoints of archive value appraisal.

Compared with appraisal principles, appraisal standards are specific means to ensure the quality of appraisal work. They can also be seen as the concretization of appraisal principles, so they are more operable. To sum up, the appraisal standards formulated by Chinese and foreign archive appraisal theories mainly involve the following five aspects:

⑴ Source standards of files. The source here usually refers to the organizer of the archives. The status, role and function of the organizer in society or in the organization directly affect or even determine the value of the archives.

⑵Content standards of files. Society's demand for archives is reflected in its demand for archive content, so content standards are the most important basis for archive appraisal.

⑶Standards of formal characteristics of archives. The formal characteristics of archives usually refer to the name of the archive, the time of formation, the form of the carrier, the recording method, etc. These formal characteristics may have a certain impact on the value of the archive under certain circumstances.

⑷Relative value standard. Relative value refers to the value of an identified archive compared with other archives. Under certain circumstances, the preservation value of certain archives can be relatively increased or decreased.

⑸Effectiveness standards. This is a new and practical identification standard proposed by European and American archival scholars. Our country has also put forward the efficiency standard, which believes that the input-output ratio must be considered when appraising the value of archives. Only when the role played by an archive may exceed the cost of preserving it can it be judged to have preservation value. At the same time, since this benefit includes two aspects: economic benefit and social benefit, both benefits must be paid equal attention to during the appraisal.

⑴The understanding and revelation of the value of archives is one of the basic contents of the appraisal theory in various countries. The development of archive appraisal theory shows that the appraisal views put forward by scholars from various countries at different times all include the understanding and revelation of the value of archives, and their understanding of the value of archives has gone through a spiral process of continuous deepening and improvement.

⑵ "Administrative official determinism" and "functional identification theory" both emphasize only the primary value of documents. This shows that Jenkinson and Kaliski’s understanding and revelation of the value of archives is relatively one-sided; the “dual value theory”’s understanding of the value of documents has begun to move from one-sided to comprehensive, including not only the first value, but also the second value. The "utilization determinism" understanding of value jumps to the other extreme, exposing the limitation of over-emphasis on the second value and neglecting the first value, which is also a one-sided view of appraisal; the "macro appraisal theory" takes a more macro perspective. The elevation of archive value to social value actually includes not only primary value, but also secondary value.

⑶The development process of the appraisal concept shows that the understanding of value by archival scholars in various countries has the regular characteristics of moving from one-sided to comprehensive, and from narrow to scientific. This is not only in line with people's cognitive laws, but also determined by the movement laws of documents and archives. As scholars deepen their understanding of the process and laws of document and archive movement, their revelation of the value of archives will inevitably become more comprehensive and scientific.

⑴The provisions on appraisal standards are also one of the basic contents of the archive appraisal theory in various countries. The development of archive appraisal theories in various countries shows that although the regulations of appraisal standards by scholars in various countries are not completely consistent, they generally follow the development rules from micro to macro, and from concrete to relatively abstract.

⑵ In terms of stipulations on identification standards, the "age identification theory" proposes the formation time of archives, the "administrative official determinism theory" proposes the source of archives, the "function identification theory" proposes the source and function of archives, and the "double identification theory" The "identification theory" proposes the content attributes of archives, and the "utilization determinism" proposes the user's needs. It can be seen that these identification standards are relatively specific and microscopic. In contrast, the "macro-appraisal theory" has brought about a major turn in the appraisal standards. They no longer use specific standards such as time, source, function, content or user, but instead use more macro and relatively abstract " Documentation forms the social functions of the agency” standard. To be precise, they detach appraisal standards from the specific content of documents and elevate them to the macro-level functions of document creators, thereby changing appraisal methods and methods from decentralized to centralized, and from individual to systematic.

⑶The above-mentioned changes in the appraisal standards stipulated in the appraisal view show the regular characteristics of moving from the micro to the macro, and from the concrete to the relatively abstract. This is in line with the development needs of the information age, especially the electronic age. Compared with previous identification theories, macro-identification theory has more macroscopic and advanced characteristics. On the one hand, they change the object of appraisal from the document itself to the document creator, changing the appraisal methods and methods from specific to macro, from complex to simple; on the other hand, they change the execution time of appraisal from after the document is formed to when it is formed. Even before it is formed, the identification methods and methods should be changed from lagging to leading, from fixed to flexible. It can be seen that the advantage of macro appraisal theory is that it better adapts to the characteristics of electronic files and is more conducive to meeting the appraisal needs of electronic files with information that can flow and change easily.