MindMap Gallery Information Management-Introduction to Library Science
This is a mind map about the introduction to library science. It is introduced in detail and described comprehensively. I hope it will be helpful to those who are interested!
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Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
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Introduction to Library Science
Chapter 1 Library Science: Objects, Systems and Contents
1. Research objects of library science
(1) Microscopic objects and macroscopic objects of library science research
1. Microscopic objects: various components of the library and the knowledge, information, etc. that are the objects of its work.
2. Macroscopic objects: library system, librarianship, and the relationship between libraries and the environment.
(2) Perspectives and methods of library science research (The cognitive process of the research object)
1. From the study of individual libraries to the study of group libraries, that is, librarianship;
2. From only studying the library itself to studying library-related knowledge, information and its organization and management;
3. From studying libraries and their various components in isolation to using a holistic and connected perspective to study libraries, society, and libraries from social, cultural, psychological, economic, and scientific perspectives. Relationship with culture, libraries and human information exchange;
4. From viewing the library statically to viewing the library as a "continuously developing organism";
5. From simply studying the object issues of library science to finding the theoretical basis of library science;
6. Judging from the recent development of library science, information technology has an increasingly decisive role in the development and progress of libraries. Due to the influence of library practice in the digital era, technical factors have widely penetrated and driven comprehensive changes in librarianship. Libraries Academic research is more pragmatic, and at the same time more innovative and change-oriented.
(3) Domestic and foreign understanding of library science research objects (four stages)
The term "library science" was first proposed by German librarian Schletinger in 1807. The introduction of this concept marked the birth of modern library science.
1. The first stage (concrete representation): It is believed that the research object of library science is the specific working technology or library management of the library.
⑴ "Organization Theory"
①Schletinger, Germany: the founder of modern library science. "Trial Library Science Textbook" (1808), for the first time consciously conceived the theoretical system of library science, and believed that the research object of library science is "the organization of library collections". Its library science thinking is centered on "organizing library collections", with technical methods as its starting point and focus.
② "Organization theory" also has a long history in our country. The history of library science thought in ancient and modern China before the 20th century is about the history of book organization, especially bibliography.
⑵ "Technical theory"
① Albert, Germany: "Education of Librarians" (1820) "Library science should study the actual techniques in library work."
②Morberg, Denmark: "On Public Libraries" (1829) further systematized Albert's library science thoughts, "Albert-Morberg Library Science System".
③American Dewey: "Decimal Book Classification" tries to solve practical problems from a practical point of view. "Pragmatic library science".
⑶ "Management Theory"
① British Panitz: Prompted Parliament to stipulate a "deposit system" in the copyright law. The "91 Description Regulations" were formulated, emphasizing the need for scientific description rules. He attached great importance to the systematic arrangement, proper preservation and full utilization of books, and promoted librarians' research and practice on library work management.
(Deposited copy system: Deposited copy, also known as deposited copy, in order to completely preserve cultural heritage, grasp the publishing situation of books, and compile a national bibliography, according to the provisions of the National Publishing Law, every publishing house across the country publishes a new book, A certain number of samples must be submitted to the designated library. Such samples are deposited copies, and this system is called deposited copies system.)
②British Edwards: "Library Management" (1858) in "Library Minutes", the earliest work discussing the internal management of libraries.
③In the early days of the development of modern librarianship in my country (1920s-1930s), the mainstream views on library management were also the dominant ones in the discussion of library science research objects.
2. The second stage (overall abstraction): treat the library as an overall system to study and examine its functions in the social environment. (Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s and ending in the 1990s)
⑴ "Social Theory"
①American Butler: The first person who tried to systematically introduce scientific methods into library science research. He defined libraries this way: "Books are social mechanisms that preserve human social memories, and libraries are social devices that transplant human memories into people's current consciousness." He connected the phenomenon of reading with the essential attributes of libraries. Research. This school of thought believes that the research object is "books and the phenomenon of reading"
② Du Dingyou, China: "General Theory of Libraries" (1925), also emphasizes the function of libraries as "social memory institutions".
⑵ "Element theory"
It is believed that the research object is the component elements of the library, and the actual purpose is to explore the overall development mechanism of the library. It has a huge influence on modern library science theory and has become the basic framework for discussing librarianship in the field of library science in my country.
①1932 Du Dingyou: "Books, People, and Laws"
②1934 Liu Guojun's "Essentials of Library Science": "Four Elements Theory" of books, personnel, equipment, and methods
④1957 Liu Guojun "What is Library Science": "Five Elements Theory" of readers, books, leaders and cadres, working methods, buildings and equipment
⑶ "Sociology of Knowledge"
① Karlstedt, Germany: "Library Sociology" (1954) believes that books are the carrier of objective spirit, and libraries are places where objective spirit can be transmitted. "Objective spirit" is the research object of knowledge sociology, and "knowledge sociology" is the theoretical basis of library science. Therefore, "knowledge sociology" is also the research object of library science.
②Indian Ruanganazan: "Five Laws of Library Science" (1931) proposed that "the library is a growing organism."
③Wang Zhenhu, Taiwan, my country: "Library Science Series" (1984)
3. The third stage (essential laws): the phenomenon of information exchange enters the theoretical research field of library science. (Beginning in the mid-20th century) With the development of information technology and automation technology with computer technology as the core and its application in libraries, technology research has become the focus, and information exchange has become the focus of library science theory.
⑴ "Communication Theory"
① American Sierra: "Communication theory" is the product of the combination of communication science and library science. Sierra is the master of communication theory, and the essence of his "social epistemology" is communication.
②Soviet Chubalian: “Soviet library science is a social science that studies the development rules, attributes, nature and structure of the library work process as one of the forms of mass communication.
③ my country's "Exchange Theory": It can be roughly divided into three views: the document exchange theory, the knowledge exchange theory, and the document information exchange theory. (In the 1960s and 1970s: the development of library science was in a relatively closed period, and the "contradiction theory" and "law theory" emerged);
⑵ "New technology theory"
① Lancaster, USA: "Libraries and Librarians in the Electronic Age" pointed out: "Libraries are being 'disbanded' through the ability of electronic access." "Toward Paperless Information Systems" predicts: future libraries That is, electronic information systems.
4. The fourth stage (in-depth integration): Information resources become the object of library work and therefore the research object of library science. (Since the 1990s) Human society has entered the digital information age. Libraries have also been profoundly affected by the development of information technology and have begun revolutionary changes. Their work objects have expanded from documentary resources to information resources, and library science has also turned its attention to information. resource.
⑴ "Information resources theory"
① American Chernick: "Introduction to Library Services" (1992) defines "a library as a collection of information organized for use." His ideas inspired the emergence of the "information resources theory".
②Chinese Academy of Sciences: Xu Yinchi and Huo Guoqing: "The research object of library science is the information resource system and process."
⑵ "Knowledge Management Theory"
① Domestic scholars: From the standpoint of epistemology, they put forward a series of views on "knowledge collection": the essence of libraries is knowledge collection; the research object of library science should be transformed into knowledge collection, etc.
②Other views: "Knowledge management theory is the theoretical basis of library science", "The research object of library science is knowledge resources" "The research object is public knowledge management"
From a macro perspective, library science research at this stage begins with the introduction of the concept of electronic libraries. People begin to pay attention to the changes in the form of libraries in the information age and the characteristics of new forms of libraries. From a micro perspective, research is more detailed and operational in aspects such as information resource construction, information development and utilization services, library modernization management, digital technology research and development and application, library science professional education, librarian quality requirements and certification systems, etc. sex.
(4) The research object of the library is librarianship and its related factors
When determining research objects, attention should be paid to:
⑴The research object must be consistent with the name of the discipline.
⑵Research should be open-ended.
⑶The research object is centered around the library, a specialized institution.
⑷The research objects and research tasks are different.
2. Architecture of library science
(1) General library science
1.Connotation
General library science: It is a library science that studies the basic issues of library science, the basic theories of library construction, the working principles, characteristics and internal development mechanisms of libraries.
2.Content
Library philosophy, research on the nature, structure, and social functions of libraries, principles of library construction, library organization and management systems, library work mechanisms, library science education and training, library future and modernization issues, etc. .
Recently, the development forms of libraries in the information age include electronic libraries, digital libraries, virtual libraries, and the development of network libraries and their interrelationships have become the focus and hot spot of general library science research. In addition, general library science also includes the study of the history of librarianship and the development history of library science.
(2) Specialized library science
1.Connotation
Specialized library science: It is a branch of library science that studies various types of libraries and their characteristics.
2.Content
Study the working principles, characteristics, tasks and special properties and functions of public libraries, university libraries, scientific libraries and other types of libraries, as well as their organizational forms, management systems, development trends, etc. Various types of libraries also include: version libraries, periodical libraries, audio and video libraries, ancient books libraries, and map libraries. Electronic publication libraries, primary and secondary school libraries, corporate libraries, military libraries, trade union libraries, etc.
(3) Comparative Library
1.Connotation
Comparative library: It is a branch of library science that has gradually formed since the 1950s. Its research object is librarianship in various countries around the world. It conducts comparative research on the experiences or problems in the development of libraries, library systems, and librarianship in two or more countries from the perspectives of social economy, culture, science and technology, political system, ideology and history. Its purpose It lies in understanding and mastering the commonalities and differences between them, and scientifically explaining these differences, so as to draw reference methods and guidelines for promoting the development of librarianship.
2. Research objects
Librarianship around the world
3. Research mode
Impact research, parallel research, interdisciplinary research
4. Research Type
① Regional research: This kind of research links the development of librarianship in a specific country or region with relevant decisive background factors, and provides a descriptive overview and critical analysis.
② Transnational research: This kind of research is a study of a certain technical issue related to libraries in two or more countries from a multi-national or multi-cultural perspective.
②Case Study: This kind of study conducts an in-depth comparative analysis of a type of library or a key factor in the development of librarianship.
(4) Applied Library Science
1.Connotation
① Applied library science in the narrow sense: refers to the discipline that takes the specific work of libraries as the research object and studies the links, procedures, methods and technologies of library work.
②Applied library science in a broad sense: refers to a new discipline that combines the principles of library science with some practical research in related disciplines to study practical and application issues involved in the relevant disciplines themselves.
2.Content
①Construction of library document information resources
In the early days, the main research was on the collection and collection construction of paper documents represented by books. Later, it developed into the construction of document information resources including microform documents and electronic documents. In the future, the main research should be on the construction of document resources, including the construction of collection documents and the network environment. The following information resource construction issues include the construction of library document information resources, the construction of information resource co-construction and sharing guarantee system, library information resource construction needs and open access, links to virtual information resources on the Internet, and information resource integration systems.
②Organization of library document information resources
Including library document catalog work, document classification and indexing work, document subject indexing work, etc. Mainly studies the general principles and methods of document description and cataloging, catalog types, organization, system, classification and subject methods, as well as electronic computer cataloging, joint cataloging, information organization and retrieval methods in network environment, automatic indexing, automatic classification, etc. .
③Library user service work
It is also customarily called reader service work. It mainly studies the composition of users, user types, information needs, and literature reading needs, and studies the types of library information services, including document circulation and borrowing, literature retrieval services, reference consultation, special literature services, network information navigation, knowledge mining services, etc.
④Library management
Mainly studies librarianship and individual library management, namely macro-management and micro-management. The main links of management include planning, organization, personnel, leadership, control, etc.
⑤ Modernization of library work
Mainly studies the impact of informatization, networking, intelligence and automation technology on library work. The research topics involve all aspects of library work, mainly including: digitization of library resources, networking of library work, intelligent library functions, mobile library reading, standardization of library work, etc.
3. Research content of library science (specific tasks)
(1) Research on basic theories of library science
⑴Library science mainly consists of two parts: basic theory and applied technology. Basic theory is the basic driving force for the development of the discipline. The depth of basic theoretical research marks the development level of the discipline and determines the status of the discipline in the entire scientific system. It also affects the development of other theories within the discipline. Therefore, basic theory must be strengthened. Research.
⑵The main topics of basic theoretical research in library science include: library philosophy, research objects, system structure, subject nature, research methods, development trends, related disciplines, nature and functions of library science, history of ideas, etc.
(2) Research on library application theories and application methods
⑴Library work is user-oriented. To do a good job in service, we must carefully study the theories and methods of all aspects of library work. This is a study of applied theory and applied methods.
⑵Research topics: Document information resource construction and coordination, cataloging work and bibliographic information services, information sorting work, information needs and usage characteristics of various users, document information development and utilization, document information retrieval and utilization, book reading promotion, Application of information technology in library work, etc.
(3) Research on library modernization
⑴Library modernization is a comprehensive, multi-level, and dynamic concept. It is a continuous series of changes caused by the technological revolution. It is a synchronous transformation process at all levels including library technical means and equipment, business processes, management forms, etc. . Modern technology with computer technology, network technology, and microelectronics technology as the core has fundamentally changed the library's working model, working methods and even institutional form.
⑵Research topics: collection and utilization of digital information resources, digitization of collection documents, smart library management systems, research on new forms of libraries, mobile libraries and mobile reading, research on development trends of ubiquitous libraries, etc.
(4) Research on the standardization and standardization of library work
⑴Standardization and normalization of library work are a necessary prerequisite for realizing the modernization of library work, and are also an important part of realizing scientific management of libraries and improving the quality of library services. The essence of library work standardization is to formulate unified standard requirements that need to be achieved in the library field. Its purpose is to make library document information work more general, standardized and systematic, improve the service and management quality of various types of libraries, and improve technology. level and operational efficiency, and effectively promote library information exchange and resource sharing.
⑵Research topics: terminology, document description, search language, service specifications and quality evaluation standardization, digital library standards and specifications, library technology and equipment standards and specifications, education and training standards and specifications, etc.
(5) Library science education research
⑴Library science education at all levels is an important means to cultivate professional talents for libraries. The quality of library employees directly affects the quality of library work. At present, our country has formed a relatively complete library science education system including undergraduate, junior college, master's and doctoral education, as well as adult education. In terms of education reform and curriculum setting, we strive to adapt to the information society and libraries. Work modernization requires quality of talents.
⑵Research topics: Research on education system, research on talent education and training models, research on educational means and methods, research on curriculum construction, research on educational history, etc.
(6) Research on the history of librarianship and the development history of library science
⑴ Mainly includes research on the history of world and Chinese librarianship and the development history of library science. In particular, it is necessary to carefully sort out the history of Chinese librarianship and the development history of library science since the early 20th century, and comprehensively summarize the basic experiences and lessons. Promote the further development of my country's library industry.
⑵Research topics: experience and lessons, theoretical theories, collection and preservation of historical materials, rescue and excavation, etc.
Chapter 2 Library Science: Nature, Methods and Trends
1. The subject nature of library science
(1) Library science is a subject with multiple attributes. At this stage, it has strong social science characteristics.
⑴ Classification according to subject research objects. The research object of library science, that is, librarianship, is a social phenomenon unique to human beings. Library science with this as its research object still belongs to the category of social science in principle.
⑵ According to the classification of the movement forms of objective objects, before a new scientific classification theory emerges, the movement forms of libraries or librarianship can only be classified into the movement forms of society.
⑶ According to the classification of research methods, the most commonly used research methods in library science at this stage are social science research methods.
(2) Library science has the nature of applied science
⑴ From the perspective of library science as a whole, it is composed of two parts: basic theory and applied technology. For library science, the research on library application technology should occupy a dominant position in library science.
⑵The purpose of studying basic theory is to promote the development of library work and librarianship, and it has guiding significance for the research of library application technology. At the same time, the advancement of library application technology has provided new research perspectives and research methods for the basic theories of library science.
⑶In short, library science is a highly practical subject and a practical subject, so library science has the nature of applied science.
(3) Library science has the nature of management science
⑴The library is an institution for social knowledge management, and knowledge management and information management are its important tasks. Using the theories and methods of management science to scientifically and effectively manage the library's document information, personnel, funds, equipment and other elements is the guarantee for the existence and development of libraries and librarianship.
⑵ Library science should study libraries, librarianship, and the management of library information resources, so library science has the nature of management science.
(4) Library science is a developing science, and the nature of its subject is also constantly changing. The nature of library science in the future may be a comprehensive science.
⑴When library science was first formed, because its research object was limited to library work and its research content focused on specific working methods, its subject nature fell within the scope of applied science in principle.
⑵ With the development of society and science and technology, library science pays more and more attention to the issues of library affairs, paying special attention to the relationship between libraries and society. Its research content also adds theoretical components, and its subject nature is oriented towards society. The categories of science are close.
⑶In the information age, the attention of library science will inevitably turn to documents, information and information exchange, etc., and it will also involve more issues in the production, storage, management, utilization and exchange of knowledge, and the methods of use will also become integrated. , so the nature of the subject will also develop in the direction of comprehensive science.
2. Related disciplines of library science
(1) Subjects directly related to the library
This type of discipline is closely related to library science, and most of them belong to the same department or are parallel disciplines.
1. Homogeneous relations: information science, philology, bibliography, archives, and information resource management. They are all disciplines that study work related to the management and utilization of documentary information.
2. Cross-relationship: education, sociology. This relationship is due to the different research objects, and there is some special connection between different research objects.
3. Application relationship: psychology, management, economics, information science (computer, network, communications). This relationship means that the theories and methods of one discipline are applied to another discipline, thus creating new edge disciplines and promoting the development of the applied disciplines.
(2) Subjects indirectly related to libraries
These disciplines often provide ideas and methods for library science and have guiding significance. Their relationship with library science is that of mentoring and being mentored.
1.Philosophy and Library Science
Provide methodologies for theoretical research in library science
2. Mathematics and Library Science
Provide reliable quantitative research tools
3. Systems science and library science
As a social information exchange system, the library's existence, development, change and demise can all be described and studied using systems science.
3. Research methods of library science
(1) Philosophical methods (guiding ideas) in library science research
1. The value of philosophy to library science research
As a methodological philosophy, it can provide research methods for library science, including general methodology and ideas for dealing with library issues from a philosophical perspective.
2. Ways to apply philosophy in library science
Application of Marxist dialectical materialism and historical materialism methods
(2) General scientific methods in library science research (universally applicable)
1. Logical method
①Induction: It is a thinking method that summarizes general conclusions and concepts from individual facts.
② Deductive method: It is a thinking method that starts from general principles and concepts to draw individual conclusions.
2. Systematic approach
The systems approach requires the use of concepts such as integrity, centralization, hierarchical structure, logical isomorphism, information, control, self-organization, and collaboration to find patterns, principles, and laws applicable to all integrated systems or subsystems. The system method has developed into a system including general systems theory, control theory, information theory, set theory, game theory, game theory and other theories and methods.
Apply the system method to analyze and study a series of problems that arise in library activities, and examine the library as a subsystem in the social information exchange system.
3. Mathematical methods
Quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, library statistical methods, big data analysis technology
4. Other common methods
Observation method, comparative method, historical method, questionnaire survey method, expert interview method, Delphi method (expert survey method), experimental method, empirical method, etc.
Empirical method: Based on the research purpose, the survey method, experimental method and observation method are comprehensively used. Through a large number of observations, experiments and investigations of the research objects, and statistical analysis of the data using quantitative statistical methods, it rises from individual phenomena to general principles. , a type of research method that summarizes the essential attributes and development laws of things.
(3) Special methods of library science research (specific objects)
1. Document classification
Document classification: refers to a method of systematically organizing and distinguishing documents according to a certain system based on similarities and differences in content and form of documents. In library work practice, it is presented in the form of a classification table. Libraries and other document departments use the classification table as a tool to carry out work such as organizing catalogs and arranging book collections according to specific classification systems.
2. Bibliometric methods
Bibliometric methods: also known as "bibliometrics". It is a specialized method formed by the specific application of mathematical methods and statistical methods in library science and information science research. It is generally used in the study of document flow.
Citation analysis method: As an important component of bibliometrics, it is an information measurement research method that analyzes the citation and citation phenomena of scientific journals, papers, authors and other analysis objects to reveal their quantitative characteristics and inherent laws.
3. Content analysis method
Content analysis method: It is a research method that uses various documents and texts as research objects to objectively, systematically and quantitatively describe the communication content.
4. Development Trends of Library Science
(1) Adjust research objects and base on a broader practical basis
Since entering the information age, there has been a phenomenon of "generalization" of the concept of libraries. The "generalization" of the library concept enables the field of library science research to go beyond the boundaries of traditional libraries and expand into a broader virtual knowledge space. The working object of the library has deepened from the document unit to the knowledge content unit, and the research object of library science will inevitably develop into a socialized working mechanism or service mechanism directly related to knowledge management. On the one hand, we can absorb disciplinary nutrition and develop professional knowledge on the basis of broad practice; on the other hand, library science research results will also have a wider scope of application and greater social value.
(2) Integrating theory and technology to create new advantages in subject development
Library science theories and methods must be closely integrated with modern information technology. Only in this way can cross-development disciplinary advantages be created, which can then be transformed into resource advantages and produce significant social and economic benefits in the virtual knowledge space.
(3) Facing the existential crisis and discovering the humanistic and social value of libraries in the information age
In the era of network data and information, free and open-access digital information resources have increased significantly, and users can obtain the digital resources they need without going through libraries. Libraries are facing an existential crisis, prompting them to reflect on their own humanistic and social values. The library philosophy that has emerged in recent years strives to think deeply about the nature, purpose, value, ethics, relationship between libraries and society and other humanistic topics, to reflect on the biases in the development of libraries in the information age, and to discover the potential of libraries in the information age. The humanistic and social value of libraries provides a solid basis for the survival and development of libraries.
(4) Pay attention to the research on knowledge organization and control, and strengthen the management discipline of library science
In the era of knowledge economy and knowledge management, traditional library science faces the challenge of knowledge management. It is necessary to strengthen the management discipline of libraries, adapt it to knowledge management theory and practice, and build a new library science discipline system oriented to the era of knowledge economy.
(5) Combine accumulation with innovation to explore new disciplinary growth points
Innovation is the soul of scientific research, and the maturity of a discipline should be cumulative and gradual. Accumulation and innovation are complementary to each other. Without the accumulation of knowledge, there will be no foundation for innovative research; without innovation, there will be no accumulation of scientific knowledge. Library science research in the 21st century should combine cumulative research with innovative research, and not only explore new disciplinary knowledge growth points.
Possible growth points of subject knowledge in library science research:
1. Research on information resource construction
In the network environment, the construction of library information resources has shifted from focusing on the construction of paper document resources to focusing on the construction of digital resources. The integration of paper documents and digital resources, the long-term preservation and cooperative preservation of digital resources, and the intellectual property issues of long-term preservation of digital resources have become research hotspots.
2. Metadata and ontology research
The emergence of a large number of digital information resources has increasingly required the production and maintenance of metadata, and the provision of tools and systems for metadata retrieval. The standardization of metadata has become a key issue, and metadata of various systems are gradually moving toward unification and integration.
Related research also includes ontology-based information retrieval research. Ontology can overcome the semantic gap between computer systems and achieve dialogue, interoperation, knowledge sharing and other purposes between different subjects. Ontology information retrieval research can solve problems such as semantic retrieval, automatic indexing and semantic reasoning.
3. Research on knowledge management and knowledge services
Library science research cannot ignore the theory and practice of knowledge management. Several characteristics of knowledge management, such as the emphasis on knowledge value-added and innovation, will push library science research beyond the limitations of traditional library institutions and towards a broader practical basis. At the same time, knowledge management research will also promote the correspondence between library professionals and knowledge management experts, creating greater social adaptability.
Knowledge service is a service oriented to knowledge content and solutions. It is an advanced stage of information in which the service subject refines knowledge from various explicit and implicit knowledge resources according to the needs of the service object and uses it to solve the problems of the service object. Serve. Including: problem solving, knowledge innovation, and providing personalized and professional services. In the era of knowledge economy, librarians will re-enter the public eye as information experts who provide knowledge and carry out knowledge innovation.
4. Mobile library research
Mobile library is a service method that relies on relatively mature wireless mobile networks and uses mobile terminal devices such as smartphones to conveniently and flexibly provide and access library resources, reading and inquiry. It is an extension and supplement of digital library services. The main research topics include: the smooth use of library resources on mobile devices; changing the way users access, influence and contribute digital content; the construction of mobile websites and library APPs; the service model of mobile libraries, etc.
5. Research on library space construction
In the ubiquitous information society where information is everywhere, the ubiquity of library services has also become a trend. In this case, the existence value of physical libraries, the core concepts and standards of library architecture and space design, etc., have become hot spots in library science research. From the perspective of recent and future development trends, the architectural space design of a composite library that combines reality and virtuality should focus on building the library into: a new learning space, a creative space, a maker space, a community center, and a public library for readers and citizens. center.
Chapter 3 Library and its Social Functions
1. The concept of library
(1) The concept of library
Library: is the external storage and selective delivery mechanism for social memory (usually written and other forms of recorded information). In other words, the library is a memory device and diffusion device for social knowledge, information, and culture.
(2) Components of a library
1. Literature information resources
Document information resources are the material basis for the library to exist and carry out its work. Traditional libraries mainly collect paper-based books, periodicals and other documents, while the working objects of modern libraries include computer-readable information, multimedia information, various types of databases, network information, Internet of Things sensors, etc. Information collected, etc.
2.User
Also known as "readers", they are the service objects of the library. All members of society, including individuals and collectives, who have the conditions to use library resources can become library users. Developing users, researching users, and serving users are the main contents of library user work. Users' information needs are the basis for the existence and development of libraries. User work is the core work of the library, and it is also the purpose of the library to improve its management level and technical conditions and improve service quality.
3. Staff
Staff are managers and organizers of library activities. They are the intermediaries and hubs between document information and users. They are the key to turning the potential value of documents and information into reality. The quality of library work and the size of the library's social role depend on the professional level, service spirit and moral quality of library staff.
4.Technical methods
Technical methods are the main means to do library work well. Whether the library can function mainly depends on whether the library staff can master advanced and correct technical methods. As a communication tool for social knowledge and information, modern libraries must use various material and technical means, tools and methods as the basis of their existence.
5.Building and Equipment
Buildings and equipment are the physical conditions of the library. The buildings and equipment must adapt to the library's document information status and service function requirements. Improper construction of library buildings and substandard equipment will hinder the development of library work and reduce the social function of the library. Smart library technologies such as Internet of Things technology, cloud computing, and big data provide libraries with new service equipment and improve the efficiency of library services.
The above five elements are interdependent and mutually reinforcing, and together constitute a unified library as a whole. The decisive element in this whole is the library staff.
2. The origin and development of libraries
(1) The emergence of libraries
1. Forms and characteristics of human information exchange
There are two main forms of human information exchange, namely direct communication and indirect communication. Direct communication refers to the exchange of information resulting from direct contact between people. Indirect communication refers to communication through specialized information intermediaries, such as text, documents, communication tools, the Internet, etc. As an intermediary tool, the library was created to meet the needs of human beings for indirect communication.
2. Text and documents
Writing is a necessary condition for human society to develop to its current level. The function of writing is reflected through documents, which are preserved and utilized through libraries, so libraries are a symbol of human social civilization.
3. Extension of the memory function of the human brain
The production of documents has compensated the memory function of the human brain. The library is an institution that inputs, codes, stores, extracts and utilizes document information. The emergence of the library can be said to be the primary form of extension of human brain function. Libraries enable human culture to be preserved and inherited, and play a role in remembering the common experiences of mankind in the progress of human society.
4. Improvement of social productivity level
The development of productive forces, on the one hand, provides the necessary prerequisites for the production of writing and documents - people put forward requirements for the production of writing in order to organize social production and life; on the other hand, it also provides the material basis for the production of writing and documents - —Writing instruments and record carriers. Therefore, the development of social productivity also provides necessary conditions for the emergence of libraries.
To sum up, the need for human information exchange and the need to overcome the limitations of the human brain's memory function are the necessary prerequisites for the emergence of libraries; the emergence of texts and documents is the direct driving force for the emergence of libraries; the development of social productivity is Basic guarantees generated by libraries.
(2) Development of libraries
1. Factors affecting library development
⑴The economic strength and cultural level of a country have a huge impact on the development of libraries.
Economic strength is the material basis for the existence and development of libraries, and cultural level is the spiritual driving force for library development. In today's world, countries with developed economies and scientific progress have equally developed libraries.
⑵The emergence of industrial cities and the implementation of compulsory education by the state are also powerful driving forces for the development of libraries.
The emergence of industrial cities has led to a relatively concentrated population, and people's requirements for centralized use of documents have prompted the rapid development of libraries; the implementation of free education has also greatly increased the number of libraries as social education institutions.
⑶The development of science and technology is the fundamental driving force for the development of libraries.
The development of science and technology provides new technologies and methods for the development of libraries and promotes the progress of library forms.
⑷National support and protection are also indispensable conditions for the development of libraries.
The state intervenes in the development of libraries mainly through the following means: first, formulating relevant laws and regulations; second, allocating funds to purchase and pay library fees.
⑸Exchanges in the international library community have had a positive impact on the development of libraries.
Interlibrary loan, document exchange and donation, various conferences, lectures, etc., exchanges and discussions on library theories and methods, and organizations in the international library community are also constantly emerging. These activities are conducive to the sharing of library resources by all mankind. , Promote the common development of libraries.
2. Characteristics of library development (➕Specific tasks of library science research)
⑴From a global perspective, the development of libraries is uneven.
① Quantitative imbalance: The quantitative distribution of libraries is based on the country’s economic strength and cultural level. Countries with strong overall national strength have more libraries; countries with backward countries have fewer libraries.
②Unbalanced speed: Countries with relatively stable political and economic development have faster library development; while countries with unstable political and economic development, especially those affected by war and other destructive factors, have slower library development. .
⑵The development of libraries is also uneven among different regions within a country.
For example, in China, areas with a high degree of openness along the eastern coast have experienced rapid economic development. The number of libraries in these areas is larger, the development speed is faster, and the adoption of new technologies and new achievements is also relatively rapid; while those located in the central and western inland areas are not In developed areas, the number of libraries is smaller and their development speed is slower.
⑶The library develops from closed to open.
In ancient times, libraries were closed to the general public and were places where the ruling class monopolized knowledge and restricted progressive ideas. Entering the capitalist era, libraries began to open up to the whole society, and the concepts of interlibrary loan and resource sharing were deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. With the application of modern information technologies such as electronic computers and the Internet in libraries, it has once again significantly changed the development pattern of libraries, greatly improved the service capabilities of libraries, and given libraries a broader temporal and spatial significance. Breaking through the limitations of a single museum, it enables human spiritual wealth to be shared on a wider scale.
⑷The functions of the library are constantly expanding.
In the early days, libraries had a relatively single function, mainly collecting documents and books. With the development of social productivity and the advancement of science and technology, libraries have developed from the initial focus on collection to the current focus on use. Libraries are increasingly taking on the responsibility of organizing the flow of social document information and managing and delivering social document information. In addition, the library is also responsible for social education. It provides a good place for lifelong learning and social space for members of the society.
⑸The development of libraries has always been in sync with the development of human civilization.
Libraries originated from agricultural societies in the budding period of human civilization. During the period of rapid development of human civilization, industrial society has developed greatly. In the mature stage of human civilization, information society libraries will receive greater development.
3. Attributes of libraries
(1) General attributes of libraries
1. The social nature of libraries
The social nature of the library refers to the fact that it, as a social institution created by people, can reflect the characteristics of different social forms in its development process. As an organizational form for people to jointly use human spiritual wealth, the library has obvious social characteristics.
⑴The library is the product of human social activities. It is created by people due to common needs in practical activities, and is closely connected with people's social activities.
⑵Library documents are social in nature. Library documents are a comprehensive cultural resource. This cultural resource is a spiritual wealth jointly created by mankind and a carrier for recording social and natural knowledge and information.
⑶Library readers are social. The library is a place where members of society use the collection of documents together. It is mainly oriented to society and serves the public from all walks of life and from all walks of life.
⑷Librarianship and library work are social in nature. Library science is a social undertaking, and it must rely on the whole society to make library science flourish. The social nature of library work mainly refers to the social trend of resource sharing.
2. The dependence of the library
The library is dependent and auxiliary. Subsidiarity and dependence are two sides of the same problem. Dependence is the economic basis for the library's existence, while subsidiarity is the utilitarian purpose of the library's existence.
⑴ The dependence of libraries means that so far, libraries are not an independent economic entity. They must be economically dependent in order to ensure book purchase funds and staff salary expenditures. This dependence determines that the library must serve its financial sponsors.
⑵ The auxiliary nature of libraries means that libraries have always been in a supporting position in the practical activities of human society and are a service-oriented industry. On the one hand, it provides raw materials for spiritual production, and on the other hand, it helps individuals or units engaged in spiritual production realize the value of their products. The significance of the library's existence lies in its auxiliary role.
3. The academic nature of the library
⑴The academic nature of the library is reflected in the fact that the library is a subsystem of the entire scientific research system. Libraries are social institutions that collect, organize, and provide documentary information for scientific research. Library activities are an integral part of the entire scientific research activities. On the whole, the work performed by the library is the preliminary work of scientific research.
⑵Library work itself is an academic activity. The working objects of the library include documents, readers and other elements. The academic level of library work directly affects whether the documents are processed scientifically and whether the service to readers is thoughtful. Document classification, subject indexing, document cataloging, document protection, document management, document digitization, reference consultation work, etc. are all research-related and highly academic tasks.
⑶ Modern libraries widely use a variety of modern equipment, and all working links in the library have also become electronic and networked. Managing, using, and maintaining modern equipment requires continuous discussion and improvement from an academic perspective. All aspects of modern library work are academic and highly technical businesses, requiring staff to have a high level of academic research.
⑷A considerable number of library staff are participants in scientific research activities. Library work is academic work, and those engaged in these jobs must also have certain scientific research capabilities.
(2) Essential attributes of libraries
Intermediation is the essential attribute of libraries. It is precisely because of the existence of this essential attribute that other attributes such as sociality, dependence, and technical nature of the library are derived. Intermediality plays a decisive role in the existence of libraries.
1. The library is an intermediary institution
The library is an intermediary that helps people communicate indirectly using documents. Documents meet readers through libraries, and readers establish connections with documents through libraries. In the process of people's spiritual production, the library occupies a position in the circulation field. It adds a link between documents and readers. This is a product of the development of human history.
2. The intermediary role of the library
The intermediary role of the library is reflected through library work. The essence of library work is to convey document information among members of society and realize the use value and partial value of documents. Documentation information includes content information and form information. The task of library work is to fully reveal the form information and content information of documents, so that the content information of documents can be disseminated. All aspects of library work, including procurement, classification, subject indexing, cataloging, storage, borrowing, etc., are all aimed at disseminating document content information, so they also reflect the intermediary role of the library.
3. The relationship between the intermediary nature of libraries and other attributes
⑴The intermediary nature of the library is the foundation of the social nature of the library. The reason why the library can have a relationship with society is that it plays an intermediary role. Whether it is library document information resources and users, or library collaboration and resource sharing, it is impossible to do without the intermediary role of the library. Therefore, intermediary determines sociality.
⑵The intermediary nature of the library is the basis of the library's dependency. Precisely because of the intermediary nature of the library, its independence is also relative. The library must be dependent on others in order to exist and develop. Therefore, intermediary also determines dependence.
⑶The intermediary nature of the library is a prerequisite for the academic nature of the library. In order to play the intermediary role of the library, the library must strengthen academic activities in order to accurately and quickly deliver documents and information. Therefore, intermediary also plays a decisive role in academic quality.
In short, the social, auxiliary and academic nature of the library are derived from and restricted by intermediary nature. These general attributes of the library in turn affect the intermediary nature of the library.
4. Social functions of libraries
(1) The function of organizing social document information flow (information function)
The production of social document information has two obvious characteristics: one is its continuity, and the other is its disordered state. The so-called continuity means that once social document information is generated, it will not stop moving and always emerge continuously. This continuous movement state of social document information is called "document information flow". The so-called disordered state refers to the disorderly and naturally arranged flow state of documents. In order to enable people to use document information reasonably, effectively and conveniently and control the trend of document information flow, it is necessary to organize the document information flow. The library's function of organizing social document information flow is mainly reflected in the following two aspects:
1. Control the flow of social document information
The disordered state of modern document information flow is affected by the following factors: (1) Social document information production is large in quantity and growing rapidly. ⑵The types of social document information are complex and diverse. ⑶The timeliness of document information in modern society has increased. ⑷The speed of dissemination of document information is accelerated. ⑸The information content of the literature is overlapping and repeated. ⑹ The number of languages used in literature information is expanding, and the quality of literature information is declining.
These six factors have gradually deepened the disordered state of document information, thereby making the flow of document information more dispersed. Therefore, only by controlling the flow of social document information flow can unfavorable factors be turned into favorable factors; conversely, only by fully understanding the factors that lead to the disordered status of social document information flow and taking advantage of the situation can the document information flow flow reasonably.
2. Give full play to the potential energy of literature information
A book, a journal, a paper, a piece of information can fully exert its potential energy only when it is part of a collection of documentary information. The sorted literature information forms a whole. On this basis, users can make full use of the potential energy provided by the literature information, conduct in-depth professional research, and exert the potential economic and social value of the literature information. This overall power is the potential energy of the document information flow. Therefore, the organization of the library is a prerequisite for unleashing the potential energy of document information.
The ordering function of the library is usually achieved by classification, cataloging, storage and other means of collecting document information. The essence of ordering is organization and control. Social document information becomes an orderly collection of document information after being organized in the library, so it can be used by users.
(2) The function of transmitting documentary information (information function)
1. The library delivers content information of documents
The library's transmission of documents is essentially the transmission of scientific, technological, cultural and ideological information contained in the documents, that is, the content information of the documents. Therefore, behind the phenomenon of library document borrowing and circulation, what is hidden is the essence of conveying document content information. The transfer of information is carried out along with the transfer of the content information of the document.
2. The library conveys information about the collection of documents
Library catalogs are the primary vehicle for conveying information about collections. The essence of a library catalog is a collection of collections of document information. Users use library documents first by consulting the library catalog, and then through borrowing after obtaining information about the collection of documents. Therefore, the library's transmission of document content information is based on the transmission of collection document information. Users can only obtain further document content information after obtaining collection document information.
3. The library delivers network information
In a network environment, libraries can also use online information to meet users' information needs.
4. The way the library transmits document information can be divided into active transmission and passive transmission.
Active delivery means that the library can proactively provide document information services based on the subject scope of user needs and provide users with unknown document information, such as new book reporting services, fixed-title document services, etc. Passive delivery means that users put forward clear document needs to the library, and librarians meet them through borrowing and circulation, such as borrowing, consultation, interlibrary loan, etc. With the development of science and technology, especially the popularization and application of big data technology, the library's active delivery of document information will be greatly developed.
The library's function of delivering document information is mainly realized through the library's circulation, lending, reference and consultation service departments. Therefore, the quality of the work of these departments directly affects the performance of the library's delivery function.
(3) The function of developing intellectual resources and conducting social education (educational function)
Developing intellectual resources and carrying out social education is an important role of the library. The documents collected in the library are the crystallization of academic thoughts on human culture and science. It also provides rich and powerful materials for the library to engage in intellectual development and carry out social education. Base.
1. Develop intellectual resources
The development of intellectual resources mainly includes three meanings: first, to develop library document resources; secondly, to develop online information resources; third, to inspire users' intelligence and cultivate users' ability to think scientifically.
2. Carry out social education
The intellectual development of libraries is also reflected in various library education for users. These educations include: bibliographic knowledge education, literature retrieval knowledge method education, network information retrieval method education, reading method education and learning method education, etc.
Social education in libraries is proposed from the perspective that libraries provide learning places for society. Educated people can freely use the library for lifelong learning for a long time, which is unmatched by school education. Today, when lifelong education is strongly advocated, the library's functions of developing intellectual resources and conducting social education are particularly important.
(4) The function of collecting and preserving human cultural heritage (preservation function)
Documents are an important carrier for preserving national cultural heritage. Among various institutions, only libraries are responsible for the long-term preservation of human cultural classics. Collecting and preserving human cultural heritage is the social function that libraries are responsible for to the country.
In the information society, libraries must become the storage center of human cultural heritage. The documents collected by the library include not only printed materials, but also information transmitted by various carriers. The long-term preservation of digital information is also an important responsibility of the library.
The function of preserving cultural heritage is the oldest function of libraries. To this day, the function of preserving culture remains the basis for the other functions of libraries. However, unlike the purpose of preserving cultural heritage in ancient libraries, the preservation function of modern libraries is more reflected in the use of documentary information, and the purpose of preservation is to use it. Therefore, the function of modern libraries to preserve cultural heritage is in a subordinate position among other functions of libraries.
(5) Satisfy the functions of cultural appreciation and entertainment for members of society (entertainment function)
The library is the cultural and entertainment center of the community. The literature information provided by the library includes literary works, music and art works, film and television works, game software, etc., which can meet the cultural appreciation and entertainment needs of members of the society. Libraries in the new era should use computers and the Internet to expand service areas and fully meet users' needs for leisure and entertainment.
In summary, the social functions of libraries are gradually formed in the development process of libraries. At different stages of library development, the functions of libraries have different focuses. Generally speaking, several basic functions of the library are interrelated and complementary to each other. It should be emphasized that the functional role of the library should be brought into play based on the actual situation of each library in order to develop the characteristics of the library.
5. Library and modern society
(1) Libraries should become an important force in promoting the knowledge economy
The main characteristics of the knowledge economy era include: (1) Economic globalization has exerted strong pressure on people, organizations and even countries to increase adaptability, innovation and knowledge processing speed. ⑵The value of expertise is recognized. ⑶The value of knowledge as a unique production factor is recognized by society, and knowledge management has become an important task in society. ⑷The popularization of information technologies such as the Internet and mobile Internet has provided people with effective and convenient work and study tools. ⑸In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge and human capital are the foundation of social and economic development.
The national innovation system consists of a knowledge innovation system, a technological innovation system, a knowledge dissemination system and a knowledge application system. Its main functions are knowledge innovation, technological innovation, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application. No matter from an institutional or functional perspective, libraries are an important link in the national innovation system chain and have become an important social force in promoting the development of the knowledge economy and digital economy.
(2) Libraries should help users cultivate lifelong learning concepts and information capabilities
A learning society has six major characteristics: (1) Learning and education are a continuous process throughout a person's life. ⑵Learning is not limited to education in school. School education is only a part of lifelong education and learning. ⑶ Various forms of learning and education must be coordinated and integrated to meet the learning needs of different classes. ⑷The success or failure of the exam is not important. The exam only has relative significance in talent selection. ⑸A learning society emphasizes the all-round development of people and the healthy development of human personality, which is the full realization of everyone's creative potential. ⑹A learning society emphasizes lifelong education, thus making everyone more receptive to modern trends of thought.
Continuing to learn means lifelong learning. The idea of lifelong education advocates that education should run through all ages of life, not just in adolescence. Education is not limited to schools, but extends to all aspects of family and society.
(3) Libraries should become information centers for communities, schools and institutions
Libraries should become information centers for communities, schools, and institutions, reflecting local information needs, and public welfare information needs should be met.
(4) Libraries should become an important part of the information industry
The leading industry of the information economy is the information industry. The information industry refers to using information as a resource and based on emerging information technology, specializing in the research, development and application of information resources and information technology, production, storage, transmission and marketing of information products, and providing effective services for economic development and social progress. An industry that services comprehensive production activities.
The information industry mainly includes: information technology industry, mass media, information processing service industry, information consulting industry, other communication intermediaries, and education industry. From the perspective of the composition of the information industry, libraries are an important part of the information industry and their status is very important. The development history of librarianship in advanced countries in the world has fully proved that the library industry can make great achievements in the data service industry, consulting industry, technology market and licensing trade industry, and information processing service industry.
Chapter 4 Types of Libraries
1. The significance and standards of library type classification
(1) The significance of dividing library types
1. The classification and research of library types is an important aspect of library science research.
2. Studying the classification of library types will help to grasp the different characteristics of different types of libraries, so that we can scientifically formulate policies and tasks for various types of libraries from the aspects of readers' information needs, collection documents and catalog organization, and organizational management. , develop strategies to give full play to the role of various types of libraries.
3. Studying the classification of library types has important practical significance. It is conducive to comprehensive planning and overall arrangements for the development of librarianship nationwide or in a region, and promotes the balanced and coordinated development of librarianship.
4. Studying the emergence, development and particularity of different types of libraries is the basic content of specialized library science.
(2) Criteria for classifying library types
1.ISO 2789-1974 (E) "International Standard for Library Statistics": National libraries, libraries of institutions of higher learning, other major non-specialized libraries, school libraries, specialized libraries and public libraries.
2. Standards commonly used in my country to classify library types:
⑴Divided according to the management system (affiliation relationship) of the library: such as the cultural system library, the educational system library, the scientific research system library, the trade union system library, the Communist Youth League system library, the military system library, etc.
⑵Divided according to the scope of the collection of documents: comprehensive libraries, including public libraries at all levels, comprehensive university libraries, trade union libraries, etc.; professional libraries, including professional scientific research institutions, professional colleges and professional factory and mining technology libraries Room etc.
⑶Divided by user groups: such as children's libraries, libraries for the blind, libraries for ethnic minorities, etc.
At present, the main types of libraries in my country include: national/public/school/scientific/professional/technical union/military/children/blind/minority libraries and private libraries. It is generally believed that public libraries, scientific libraries, and university libraries are the three pillars of the entire librarianship in our country.
2. National Library
(1) Overview
National Library: Any library, whatever its name, is responsible for the collection and custody of copies of all important publications published in the country and functions as a repository library, regardless of its name.
In the international library community, there are many types of national libraries: the public central library, the Library of Congress also serves as the national library, the university library also serves as the national library, and the scientific library also serves as the national library.
(2) Functions of the National Library
The National Library is the library that serves as the national general library and is the core of a country’s library industry. The National Library should play three main roles in the national information system: ① Provide necessary central library services; ② Lead library members in the national information system; ③ Actively participate in the national information system and formulate comprehensive development plans.
Judging from the actual situation in most countries in the world, the main functions of national libraries can be roughly summarized as follows:
⑴ Completely and systematically collect and preserve the country’s documents, thus becoming the national general library.
⑵ Focus on selecting foreign publications for research and teaching, so that it has a rich foreign language collection.
⑶Carry out scientific information work to serve scientific research.
(4) Compile and print the national bibliography, issue unified cataloging cards, compile retrospective bibliographies and joint catalogs, use the Internet to carry out remote collaborative cataloging, and play the role of the national bibliographic center.
⑸ Responsible for organizing the research, testing, application and promotion of modern technical equipment in libraries, carrying out the design, organization and coordination of library information networks, and playing a pivotal role in promoting the modernization of libraries.
⑹ Collect, compile and provide domestic and foreign information materials for library science research, organize academic discussions, and promote the development of library science research nationwide.
⑺Represent the interests of the vast number of library users in the domestic library community and participate in international library organizations; implement the provisions of the country’s foreign cultural agreements on international exchanges of books and periodicals and international loans; and carry out cooperation and exchanges with the international library community.
(Nature: Collection center/documentation center, catalog center, information service center, collaboration and coordination center, academic research exchange center)
3. Public libraries
(1) Overview
Public library: It is a public cultural facility that is open to the public for free and collects, organizes and preserves literature and information, provides inquiry, borrowing and related services, and carries out social education.
Mission: Public libraries are responsible for the dual tasks of serving scientific research and serving the public. They play an important role in promoting the development of the country's economy, science, culture, and education, and improving the scientific and cultural level of the entire nation. IFLA summarized the social functions of libraries in 1975 as: ①preserving human cultural heritage; ②carrying out social education; ③transmitting scientific information; ④developing intellectual resources.
(Characteristics: ① The collection of books is comprehensive and local; ② The service targets are extensive; ③ It is a regional library service center, book collection and business guidance center.)
(2) Provincial (autonomous region, municipality) libraries
Provincial Library: It is the backbone of my country's public libraries. It is a comprehensive library open to the public under the supervision of the cultural administrative department of the Provincial People's Government. It is the provincial library's document information, catalogue, interlibrary loan, automation Construction, center for library science research and business coaching. It is also responsible for serving scientific research and the general public, but it focuses on serving scientific research and represents the development level of a regional library.
Function: ① It is an important base serving scientific research. ② It should serve regional economic construction and provide scientific and technological information and market information for production and construction in all walks of life. ③It should be a social education center that improves the scientific level of the entire nation. ④It is the organizer of cooperation and coordination among regional libraries. ⑤ It is a promoter of library business guidance and library science research. ⑥It is the center of local literature.
(3) Public libraries below the provincial level
Public libraries below the provincial level mainly refer to provincial municipal, prefecture, state and league libraries and county and district libraries.
Function: ① Its status and role in the public library system is between provincial libraries and county (district) libraries. It serves as a link between provincial libraries and county (district) libraries. The scope and focus of its document collection reflect the political, economic, cultural, and scientific education characteristics of the region. It is generally responsible for scientific research, technological innovation, popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, and serving the general public. ② They are the foundation of our country’s public libraries. They are numerous in number and have a wide range of contacts with the masses. They play a very important role in popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, enriching the cultural life of the masses, and meeting the reading needs of the masses.
Grassroots public libraries also include community libraries and street libraries, which are a complementary form of public libraries. It is a grassroots mass cultural institution whose main tasks are: serving residents, popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, and enriching the cultural life of the masses.
(4) The international library community’s understanding of public libraries
my country's "Public Library Law" states: "Public libraries are an important part of the socialist public cultural service system and should regard promoting, guiding, and serving the reading of all people as an important task. Public libraries should adhere to the direction of advanced socialist culture, Adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the core socialist values as the guide, inherit and develop China’s excellent traditional culture, inherit revolutionary culture, and develop advanced socialist culture.”
4. Higher education libraries
(1) Overview
The library of colleges and universities is the school's literature and information center. Documentation and information work is one of the basic conditions for teaching and scientific research in colleges and universities. Strengthening the construction of libraries and reference rooms, and collecting, sorting, storing and borrowing documents and materials is an important task for colleges and universities. According to the scope of the collection of documents, it can be roughly divided into two categories: comprehensive and professional. (Higher education libraries are an important type of librarianship in my country, libraries that mainly serve students and teachers in universities and other third-level teaching units)
(2) The nature, status and role of libraries in colleges and universities
⑴ Nature: ① The library of a university is the school’s document information resource center; ② It is an academic institution serving talent training and scientific research; ③ It is an important part of the school’s information construction and an important base for the construction of university culture.
⑵Status: The work of university libraries is an important part of the teaching and scientific research work of universities. The working level of university libraries is an important symbol of the school's teaching and scientific research level.
(3) Missions and characteristics of libraries in colleges and universities
⑴Task:
①Construct a school-wide literature information resource system to provide literature information guarantee for teaching, scientific research and discipline construction.
② Establish and improve the school-wide literature information service system to facilitate teachers and students of the school to obtain all kinds of information.
③Continuously expand and deepen services, and actively participate in school talent training, information construction and campus culture construction.
④ Actively participate in the co-construction and sharing of various resources, give full play to the advantages of information resources and professional services, and serve the society.
⑵ Characteristics: ① The service targets are mainly teachers and students; ② The stability of readers’ needs, the concentration and stage of readers’ use of books; ③ The systematic and professional nature of document collection; ④ The level of modernization is relatively high.
5. Science professional libraries and information centers
(1) Overview
Scientific and professional libraries: belong to specialized libraries. They are often information centers in professional fields at the same time, that is, libraries and information centers are integrated. This kind of specialized library is a documentary information institution that relies on specialized talents and their professional knowledge to collect, organize, preserve and provide information materials using scientific methods.
(2) Nature and tasks of scientific libraries
⑴ Nature: Scientific and professional libraries are institutions for exchanging scientific information and an important part of our country's library system.
⑵Task:
① Closely integrate with this system, the scientific research direction and tasks of this unit, collect, organize, preserve and provide domestic and foreign scientific and technological documents to serve scientific research and production technology.
② Actively carry out information research and analysis, and continuously provide analytical reports and scientifically valuable information to scientific researchers and leading departments.
③ Organize the exchange of scientific and technological information in this system, coordinate the compilation and publication of literature and information publications in this system, and publicize and report the latest scientific theories and technologies at home and abroad.
④ Strengthen the organizational work and business guidance of literature and information work collaboration, and do a good job in the coordination of literature and information materials in this system, the exchange of work experience and the training of cadres.
⑤ Carry out research on literature information theory, methods and modern means.
(3) Characteristics of scientific libraries
① Integration of document information; ② Diversification of service methods; ③ Subject professionalism of the collection of documents; ④ Service objects are mainly scientific research and engineering technical personnel of this system and unit.
6. Other types of libraries
Children's libraries, primary and secondary school libraries, private libraries
Chapter 5 Librarianship
1. Principles of library construction
(1) General meaning of librarianship
Librarianship: It is the system for the common use of documents by society. Only when the quantity, quality, scale, development speed and organizational form of various libraries in society develop into a closely connected library as a whole can social librarianship be constituted. Librarianship is an indispensable undertaking in the social structure and an important part of the society's scientific, cultural and educational undertakings.
(2) Principles of library construction
1. The construction of library services should be consistent with the development level of the national economy and science, culture and education.
According to the principle of the relationship between the economic base and the superstructure, the development level of librarianship is restricted by the level of economic development. The level of economic development is the decisive condition that affects the development of librarianship. Economic development provides the basis for the development of librarianship. material conditions. In addition, as an integral part of scientific, cultural and educational undertakings, librarianship is determined by the development level of the entire scientific, cultural and educational undertaking. The development of the entire scientific, cultural and educational undertaking promotes the further development of librarianship.
2. Combination of state-run libraries and social libraries
This principle is to give full play to the initiative of both the state and society to promote the development of librarianship. National libraries are an important part of public librarianship and play a core and backbone role in national librarianship. However, due to the vast territory of our country, the large population, and the relatively weak economic foundation in some areas, it is difficult to meet the cultural life needs of the broad masses of people by relying entirely on the state. Therefore, relying on the enthusiasm of social groups and individuals to organize various types of grassroots libraries that are convenient for the masses is an important principle and measure for developing library services and meeting social information needs.
3. Comprehensive planning, overall arrangements, division of labor and cooperation, and close contact
To implement this principle, firstly, we must make overall arrangements, rational layout, and balanced development. We should properly arrange the development of library services in coastal areas, border areas, ethnic minority areas, and rural and pastoral areas; secondly, we must combine large, medium, and small ones. On the other hand, we must ensure the construction of key libraries and give full play to their role in promoting and demonstrating the modernization of libraries; third, we must do a good job in collaboration, coordination and business guidance, so as to gradually establish a social library with division of labor and cooperation. Library network system
4. Develop library science education and strengthen library science research
The development of libraries requires the cultivation of a large number of library professionals with reasonable knowledge structures, and the cultivation of specialized talents relies on library science education. The construction of librarianship also needs to strengthen library science research. We should pay attention to the guiding role of theoretical research in librarianship construction and practical library work, constantly summarize the practical experience of library practitioners, and constantly improve the level and quality of library work in our country. Service quality is the starting point and destination of library science research.
2. Achievements in library construction
(1) The historical stages of the development of my country’s library industry
1. The first stage was from 1949 to 1957, which was the stage of healthy development and steady progress of my country’s library industry.
2. The second stage from 1958 to 1962 was a stage in which the library industry was affected by the "Great Leap Forward" and blindly advanced, with ups and downs in development.
3. The third stage from 1966 to 1976 was a stage in which my country’s library industry suffered serious damage.
4. The fourth stage is from October 1976 to 1984, which is a stage in which librarianship has achieved rapid and comprehensive development.
5. The fifth stage, from 1985 to 1991, was a stage in which all types of libraries carried out comprehensive reforms and explored library operating models.
6. The sixth stage, from 1992 to present, is the stage in which the library further deepens its reform and builds a modern library.
(2) Overview of the achievements of my country’s librarianship
1. The number of libraries has increased steadily and the conditions for running libraries have been significantly improved.
The number of public libraries, national libraries, and large and medium-sized enterprise libraries has increased significantly, and the collections of documents are abundant. At the same time, the building conditions of libraries at all levels and types have been significantly improved.
2. Business infrastructure construction continues to be strengthened
Strengthened the formulation and release of national standards for documentation work related to library work; implemented in-print cataloging of books; compiled essential reference books and large-scale bibliographies for library work; established a national library document microcopying center, and produced a large number of precious Historical documents have been rescued, compiled, developed and utilized; a national library literature resource survey has been carried out. The research and establishment of cultural and construction resource layout and resource sharing guarantee system have generally received attention from all aspects of society and libraries at all levels and types.
3. The level of reader service is gradually improved
Various libraries insist on open services, explore new service areas, deepen service content, and share collections and service facilities. The traditional single and closed service situation has been changed.
4. Strengthen the application of modern technology in library work
The library community has actively introduced and developed automated library management integrated systems, and technical services such as document duplication, computer networks, audio and video, CD-ROMs, multimedia, unified cataloging and joint cataloging have been gradually promoted in various types of libraries.
5. The level of library management is improving day by day.
The library management macro-management system and the micro-management level of individual libraries have been continuously improved; the implementation of the national library work evaluation has effectively promoted the construction of libraries at all levels and types; the library personnel team structure has adapted to the formalization of library management. The need for scientific and automated management has been accelerated, and the overall quality of library staff has improved.
6. Library science education enjoys unprecedented prosperity
The number of library science and information science majors across the country continues to increase, and the level of education has improved, forming a complete library science education system of "bachelor, master, doctoral, and postdoctoral". In order to adapt to the impact of the new technological revolution on librarianship and the needs of the talent market, library science majors in various schools have actively explored aspects such as training objectives, training models, curriculum settings, and teacher construction.
7. Library science research flourishes and the influence of international exchanges expands.
Library science research in our country is increasingly prosperous. Various academic journals are abundant in quantity and quality. Research topics, research paradigms, and research methods are increasingly in line with international standards. International contacts and academic exchanges in libraries are gradually increasing.
8. The content of the library is constantly enriched
Traditional libraries are transforming into new forms of libraries such as composite libraries, digital libraries, and mobile libraries; libraries focus on digitizing document resources, data management, and long-term preservation of digital resources; extending the social functions of libraries and actively carrying out public Sexuality awareness and education activities.
3. The structure of my country’s librarianship
(1) my country’s library system
Our country's library industry is multi-level and consists of independent library systems. Including public system libraries, scientific research system libraries, school system libraries, trade union system libraries, Communist Youth League system libraries, military system libraries, etc. The division of my country's library system is mainly based on the nature of the library's governing body. This structure in which libraries are organized into a sequence of libraries according to a leadership system is called a vertical structure. Our country's library industry basically has a vertical structure, and various types of libraries are under the leadership of the competent departments of culture and education, scientific research, trade unions, military and other systems.
(2) Characteristics of my country’s library structure (existing problems ➕ measures)
1.Features
Our country's library structure is based on administrative relationships and is organized according to the library leadership system. The vertical linkage of this structure is characterized by a subordinate hierarchy, that is, the mutual relationships within the system are realized with the help of administrative management. This is a top-down vertical connection. The central library of each system plays the role of organization, coordination and guidance for the libraries at all levels belonging to the system.
2. Question
The vertical structure of the library industry has resulted in the leadership and decision-making of each library at the same level being siled, separated from each other, and characterized by multiple leaderships. As a result, each library has a serious tendency to "go it alone", and the situation of "small but comprehensive" and "large but comprehensive" is widespread, resulting in duplication and waste of human, financial and library resources.
3. Measures
⑴In order to overcome these shortcomings, under the guidance of vertical connections, horizontal connections between various systems and regions should be strengthened and organically combined with vertical connections to effectively promote the development of librarianship.
⑵ To strengthen horizontal connections, the library business work of various systems and regions must be organized according to professional principles, and the unification and standardization of business activities must be gradually realized. The so-called professionalization principle is based on the professional nature of library work and the unified organization and management of internally related business activities. Its content involves many aspects of library business work, such as realizing unified cataloging, document resource layout and collaborative procurement, digitization of collection documents, database resource sharing, external cooperation and exchange, etc. This can avoid duplication in library automation, document digitization, and digital library construction, which can not only improve work efficiency and quality, but also save manpower and material resources. In terms of service work, service division of labor can also be implemented to form a service entity that has both division of labor and cooperation and complements each other, so as to meet the various needs of different user groups.
⑶In the process of strengthening horizontal connections, the central libraries of each region and system must give full play to their roles as collaboration centers and retrieval centers. The main tasks undertaken by each central library in strengthening horizontal connections are: organizing cross-system business collaboration activities in accordance with national guidelines, policies and plans, completing document procurement and exchange, centralized cataloguing, compilation of special bibliographies and joint catalogs, and scientific Collaborative tasks in research and personnel training, interlibrary loan, document duplication, document digitization, development of library automation systems, etc.
⑷To sum up, these contents are to take each central library as the main body, give them the ability and rights to carry out independent activities, and gradually turn the library into a social undertaking by organizing business activities according to the principle of professionalism, so that all types of libraries can The social functions of libraries are maximized.
4. Interlibrary cooperation and resource sharing
(1) The necessity of interlibrary cooperation and resource sharing
Library resource sharing is not only a requirement for the development of science and culture, but also an inevitable result of the development of librarianship itself. There are two factors that cannot be ignored for the emergence of the concept of resource sharing: one is the development of scientific libraries; the other is the application of new technologies such as computer technology and network technology in library work.
(2) Contents of interlibrary cooperation and resource sharing
1. Centralized cataloging of documents
Including national centralized cataloging of documents and the exchange of international document information based on this, regional division of labor cataloging and division of labor input have also emerged in some countries.
2.Interlibrary loan
Interlibrary loan is a way for libraries to share resources. The library borrows documents and materials from other libraries for free on behalf of its readers and users, and at the same time lends its own documents and materials to other libraries in a reciprocal manner.
3. Cooperate to develop collections and document resource layout
Cooperative development of collections refers to activities in which different libraries collaborate to supplement literature and materials in order to meet the common needs of readers during collection construction. On this basis, libraries in regions, systems and even nationwide will form a comprehensive collection system with complete disciplines and diverse types.
Document resource layout: refers to the purpose of resource sharing through reasonable arrangement of document resource layout in a region, a system, a country or even internationally. It contains two meanings: first, it refers to the distribution status of documentary resources in space; second, it refers to people's reasonable allocation of documentary resources in order to change the objective distribution status of documentary resources in space, and to make the national literature resources more comprehensive in a planned and step-by-step manner. Resources form a unified whole and establish a document security system that can meet the information needs of the entire society.
4. Establish a book storage system (storage library)
In order to improve the utilization rate of library documents and solve the contradiction between the rapid growth of book collections and the shortage of library space, many countries have established book storage systems to store obsolete "sluggish books and periodicals" in various libraries or those with extremely low circulation rates but still have certain reference value. Literature variety.
5. Cooperation and sharing in library automation and document information network construction
Library automation and networking are the development trends of librarianship. Our country has launched a wide-ranging “Chinese Library Information Network Construction”. Use modern information technology and communication technology to connect my country's national library, provincial, municipal and county libraries, gradually transform their rich literature resources into digital information, and realize literature inquiry, retrieval, and joint cataloging in a network environment. Interlibrary loan, etc. It can be interconnected with domestic and foreign information networks to provide various comprehensive information services and share information resources for the whole society.
6. Cooperation and sharing in digital library construction and library digitization work
As a major national cultural project to benefit the people, the digital library promotion project has carried out extensive joint construction of digital resources for provincial and municipal public libraries across the country since 2013, continuously improving the scale effect and integration advantages of digital resources.
(3) Obstacles to the implementation of library resource sharing in my country (➕Countermeasures)
1. Management system obstacles
Our country has implemented a planned economic system for a long time, and its impact on the library system is as follows: Our library system is divided into public, scientific research, school, trade union and other systems, each of which is affiliated to different administrative departments. So far, no cross-system system has been established. , there are authoritative functional agencies to plan and organize cooperation in the library community and promote the formation of a resource sharing system.
2. Management of ideological barriers
The management model of the state-owned system has caused a dependence mentality in the library community, which always hopes to first establish a perfect management system and have sufficient funds; another consequence of the management model of the state-owned system. It is a waste of funds and a lack of constraints on expected results. Due to the failure to introduce market mechanisms and form a virtuous cycle of services and income, resource sharing activities have always been difficult to start.
3. Technical barriers
The overall construction of literature resources and the promotion of resource sharing have shown an imbalance among different regions and different types of libraries. The main obstacles lie in the gap between the east and west regions, between developed and underdeveloped regions, and between urban and rural areas. Applications are unbalanced, which affects the overall development of resource sharing.
4.Business obstacles
Standardization is a necessary condition for resource sharing. In recent years, my country's digital library industry has developed rapidly, but there are still certain problems: first, the unified resource sharing and service platform is still in its infancy and needs improvement; second, the compatibility of each library system is poor, making it difficult to scale services, affecting the expansion of service scope and improvement of efficiency; thirdly, the digital resource construction standards adopted by different libraries are not uniform, resulting in resource metadata and storage formats being incompatible with each other, which is not conducive to resource integration, discovery and retrieval.
5. Theoretical obstacles
There is a lack of depth in research on relevant theories and methods of resource sharing. For a long time, relevant research in my country has always attributed the obstacles to resource sharing to three points: ideological concepts, management systems, and financial constraints. These issues have not been resolved for many years, indicating that the conclusion on this issue does not touch on the substantive issue of obstacles to sharing document resources in our country. Therefore, it can be said that there is a lack of in-depth research on the issue of document resource sharing in libraries in my country, so there has been no substantial breakthrough in relevant theories and methods for a long time. Research on this issue should introduce theories and methods such as economics and information economics.
5. Library Cooperation and Library Alliance
(1) Library cooperation and library union
Library cooperation: mainly refers to activities between two or more libraries to improve interlibrary collaboration, promote the use of collections, and improve user service levels.
Library Union: It is the expansion and development of library cooperation. It is a form of interlibrary collaboration, usually limited to a certain area, a certain number, some types or some professional systems of libraries. The most well-known form of library federation is the Library Consortium.
(2) The concept of library alliance
Library alliance: refers to a library consortium organized for the purpose of resource sharing and mutual benefit, and subject to mutually recognized agreements and contracts. It can be understood as interlibrary cooperation, but also as the complementary coexistence of traditional libraries and digital and virtual libraries, paper resources and electronic resources. For example, China’s higher education document security system in my country.
(3) Main tasks of the Library Alliance
1.Basic tasks
Borrowing licenses; interlibrary loan services; joint catalog or resource catalog sharing; copy discounts; reference service collaboration; original text delivery services.
2. New tasks in network environment
⑴ Enhance purchasing power through alliances, especially the ability to purchase electronic resources, share costs, and jointly apply the right to use electronic databases;
⑵ exert influence on information source providers through alliances to reduce the price of electronic resources;
⑶Collaboration in automation services, such as writing on system operation and maintenance, joint cataloging, etc.;
⑷Librarian training and continuing education;
⑸Seek financial sponsorship in the name of the alliance, and seek understanding and help from all walks of life to facilitate the development and expansion of the alliance’s service projects;
⑹ All member libraries in the alliance share benefits and risks as well.
(4) China’s higher education document security system
The CALIS project relies on the China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network to build the basic framework of China's higher education document security system, thereby promoting the rational and optimal allocation of my country's higher education resources, realizing the co-construction, common knowledge, and sharing of information resources, and deepening the effectiveness of resources. Develop and utilize to improve the level of document support for higher education and scientific research, and together with the China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network, form my country's higher education public service system, making it one of the country's important information infrastructures.
(5) National Science and Technology Library and Documentation Center (Science Library Alliance)
(6) Digital Library Alliance
(7) Regional Library Alliance
6. Library business guidance work
(1) The significance and tasks of library business guidance work
Library business coaching work: also called method research work. It refers to that within a region or a system, large libraries or central libraries provide business assistance and guidance to small and medium-sized libraries in the region and system, organize libraries to learn from each other, exchange work experience, study business issues, and more Make good use of all libraries.
1. Meaning
①Business coaching is an important task in cultivating library professionals and promoting the development of librarianship. ② The development of business coaching can promote theoretical research in library science, further enrich the content of library science, and develop library science. ③ Carrying out business guidance work is one of the characteristics of socialist librarianship.
2. Task
⑴ Assist relevant leading departments to formulate development plans for librarianship in this region and system, develop various types of libraries in a planned manner, and establish a library network for scientific research and public services.
⑵ Provide business guidance to libraries in this region and system, summarize and exchange library work experience, and promote the development of librarianship.
⑶Collect, organize and preserve library science professional books and periodicals, handle the daily work of the library society, organize and promote library business research, and promote the development of library science.
⑷Training on-the-job library cadres.
(2) Organization of the Business Counseling Network
Organizational form: ① System-based tutoring, division of labor according to majors; ② Hierarchical tutoring, divided into shards; combination of specialized and sharded.
(3) Characteristics of business coaching activities
⑴The intellectual nature of business coaching activities.
Business counseling activities are essentially a transfer activity of library professional knowledge. Through various forms of counseling activities, counselors teach and introduce basic library business knowledge to the counselees, so that they can master the skills and methods of library work. .
⑵Practicality of business coaching activities.
Since business coaching is a training activity that develops intelligence and cultivates abilities, it not only involves the accumulation of knowledge, but also involves the training of practical abilities, that is, operational skills. Therefore, on the basis of disseminating basic library business knowledge, it is also necessary to expand and strengthen the practical aspects of tutoring activities.
⑶The pertinence of business coaching activities.
In business counseling work, we must proceed from reality, adapt to local conditions, and adopt different counseling methods according to different situations.
(4) Methods of business coaching work
Investigation and research, written guidance and on-the-spot guidance, key counseling, on-site meetings, short-term training courses, special business lectures, answering business inquiries, etc.
(5) New progress in business coaching in the mobile new media era
With the widespread application of mobile Internet technology, exploring diversified grassroots business guidance methods is an inevitable requirement for the development of modern libraries. Business coaching personnel should follow the trend of diversifying information dissemination channels, develop ways to combine on-site business coaching with online coaching, innovate grassroots business coaching ideas, and change the traditional single model of business coaching.
Supplement: Library Network
Library network is: traditional cooperation between libraries, the expansion and development of alliances, a library group formed by many libraries to realize resource sharing, and an organizational form of socialization of librarianship.
Type: Library service network, electronic computing search and retrieval network for document information
7. Library Law
(1) The significance and function of library law
Library Law: It is a special regulation on librarianship and library activities formulated or recognized by the national legislature in accordance with certain legal procedures. It is the general basis for establishing and managing libraries and formulating library administrative regulations and rules. It has the characteristics of mandatory, normative, general and stable.
Function: The main function of the library law is to ensure, supervise and regulate the development of librarianship.
⑴ Ensure the leadership of the state and government departments at all levels over the library industry and the correct direction for the development of the library industry.
⑵ Ensure the rights of all members of society to enjoy the library and supervise the library.
⑶ Ensure the social status of the library and the funds, manpower, building equipment and legitimate rights and interests required for the development of library services.
⑷ Ensure the integrity of the national cultural heritage collected in the library.
⑸Adjust the internal and external relations of the library, strengthen the unified management of the library, ensure the normal order of the library, and promote the development of librarianship.
(2) Contents of Library Law
Library laws in European and American countries include:
⑴Regulations on the nature, status and social functions of libraries;
⑵Regulations on library funds and their sources;
⑶Regulations on various service standards of the library;
⑷Regulations on the construction and layout of documentary resources;
⑸Regulations on the establishment, qualifications and quality of various types of library personnel;
⑹Regulations on library structures and building equipment;
⑺Regulations on the development and layout of various types of libraries;
⑻Regulations on library business technical standards;
⑼Regulations on the library management system;
⑽Regulations on interlibrary collaboration and resource sharing.
(3) my country’s library legislation process
After nearly ten years of hard work, the "Public Library Law of the Republic of China" was voted and adopted at the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on November 4, 2017, and will be officially implemented on November 1, 2018.
(4) "Public Library Law of the People's Republic of China"
The "Public Library Law" is my country's first library-specific law. The "Implementation of the Public Library Law" marks that China's public libraries have embarked on the track of the rule of law and reached a new level. It provides policy and legal basis for the comprehensive and systematic construction of public libraries, and the sustainable development of public libraries. provided new impetus and fundamental guarantee. Its main contents and features are:
⑴ The basic nature and functions of public libraries are defined in a legal way that reflects general international laws and has Chinese characteristics.
⑵ Strengthen the government's responsibility and fundamentally solve the problem of ensuring and sustainable development of public libraries.
⑶ Encourage and guide social forces to participate in the construction, service and management of public libraries, and promote the socialization of my country's public libraries.
⑷ Emphasis on strengthening the digitization of libraries and building modern libraries that apply new technologies.
⑸ Emphasize the normalization and standardization of library business and highlight the specialization of libraries.
⑹ Incorporate the National Library into the Public Library Law as an important part of the public library industry.
⑺ It is required to strengthen the construction of grassroots public libraries and solve the outstanding contradictions and problems of uneven development of public libraries.
⑻While protecting the rights and interests of citizens, it also stipulates the obligations of public library users.
(5) Problems and assumptions in the legislative work of libraries in my country
⑴ Most of the documents related to library work that have been promulgated and implemented are administrative regulations, and there are fewer library regulations. The Public Library Law is the only statutory law in the field of libraries, but its scope of regulation only covers one type of library: public libraries.
⑵The library regulations that have been promulgated and implemented are not complete enough. Most of the current laws and regulations are formulated by the competent departments of each library system. They maintain the normal order within the system and are subject to the rights of its legislative subjects. There is a lack of provisions for participating in the overall construction of the library and information industry.
⑶The existing laws and regulations are incomplete, with only behavioral patterns and no consequence patterns, making it impossible to fulfill the authorizing and encouraging provisions in these norms, and unable to punish behavior that violates the imperative and prohibitive provisions in these norms. Lagging library legislation prevents the development of our country's library industry from being fully protected by law.
Therefore, the formulation of library laws in our country must proceed from our country's existing economic and cultural level and the actual situation of librarianship, learn as much as possible from the useful experience of foreign library legislation, and be formulated by the national legislative body in accordance with corresponding legal procedures. The final library law should be a law that reflects my country's library policies, is in line with my country's national conditions, reveals the development direction of my country's librarianship, and is mandatory and binding.
Chapter 6 Library Business Work
1. Setting up of library business organizations
1. Library workflow
⑴Information input work: that is, the collection, arrangement and organization of documents, such as document collection, registration, classification and subject indexing, cataloging, organization and storage of documents, etc., also called document resource construction work.
⑵Information output work: that is, the use and service of documents, such as document loaning, reading, literature promotion, reading tutoring, reference consultation, literature retrieval and method guidance, network information navigation, etc., also called user service work (reader service work ).
2. Library business department
Traditional library: acquisition and editing department, lending and reading department, reference department, document collection department, business research and guidance department, special collections department, and automation department.
In the network virtual environment, departments such as information collection department, information conversion department, data description department, digital service department, and technical support department can be organized according to tasks.
2. Documentation resource construction
Document resource construction: In a broad sense, it includes two aspects. One is the collection, storage and coordination of documents by specific document collection institutions, which is traditionally called "book collection construction" (collection construction); the other refers to a region. , the coordination, planning and resource sharing of many document collection institutions in a country and even internationally in terms of acquisition, storage and utilization.
Electronic publications: Store pictures, texts, sounds, images and other information on magnetic, optical, and dielectric media in the form of digital codes, and read and use them through computers or devices with similar functions to express ideas, popularize knowledge and accumulate culture, and Mass media that can be reproduced and distributed.
(1) Collection of literature information
The business work of any library starts with the collection of document information. Document information collection is the basis of the entire library work.
To do a good job in document information collection, we must first determine the library's collection principles, collection scope, collection focus and procurement standards; secondly, we must understand the library's document collection situation, the general development of document construction, the types and number of copies of documents, and the types of documents. The utilization rate, etc.; in addition, you must also understand and master the nature of various types of publishing organizations, publishing plans, bookstore distribution plans, etc. On this basis, we adopt the methods of purchasing, ordering, exchanging, receiving, collecting, copying, and downloading network information to continuously replenish the collection of document information.
(2) Document registration
After the library obtains various documents through the above methods, the next step is document registration. There are two types of document registration, namely individual registration and collective registration.
1. Individual registration: Generally, it is done for each book. Each book is given a number, which serves as the property registration number for that book. For individual registration, the title, responsible person, edition, book price, source and registration number of each book must be recorded item by item in the "Book Property Registration Book". It is an important basis for checking the collection history of each book.
2. Summary login: According to the acceptance certificate of each batch of books received or the approval document of each batch of canceled books, the total number of books in each batch, the total value, the number of types of books, the number of books, etc. are logged into the "Books" Collection Book Collection Register". Through the comprehensive login, you can understand and grasp the total number of books in the library, the total value, sources and destinations, the actual number of books in the collection, and the collection status of various types of books.
(3) Document processing and sorting
The various registered documents still need to be processed and organized. The organization of documents includes classification, subject indexing, description and catalog organization.
1. Document classification
Document classification is to organize the various registered documents into categories according to the subject matter and content scope of the document, using the existing document classification method, so that each document can be classified into the classification system adopted by the library. Occupy an appropriate position and number. Document classification is an important task in library business work.
2. Topic indexing work
Document subject indexing is to reveal the content of the document from the perspective of the document subject, that is, the subject concept of the object of document research and discussion. The method of subject indexing is also called the subject method. Theme edition is a means of revealing and organizing literature in libraries.
3. Document description
Document description is to make the most necessary records of the external formal characteristics of the document. It requires that the document can be accurately identified based on the formal characteristics to provide accurate clues for finding the document.
4. Cataloging of documents
Library catalog is a tool for revealing and reporting collection documents, which is recorded from different angles and compiled in a certain order.
5. Metadata
Metadata is also known as data about data. It is specially used to describe the characteristics and attributes of data. The set of data elements it contains is used to describe the content and location of an information object so that it can be easily displayed on the network. Find and retrieve.
6. Bibliographic Framework Format (BIBFRAME)
The Bibliographic Framework Format is a draft new model that can replace MARC and will become the basis for bibliographic description in the future networked world. Involving metadata, knowledge ontology, resource description framework and other semantic web related technologies.
7. Document processing
Document processing is the final step in library document processing and organization, including making book bag cards, affixing book labels, adding anti-theft magnetic strips, bar codes, etc.
(4) Document organization
After the literature materials are collected in the library, and after registration, classification, subject indexing and description, on the one hand, various items must be organized into catalogues, and on the other hand, various documents must be organized separately.
1. Layout of collection documents
The layout of collection documents, also known as library division. Large libraries always divide the entire collection of documents into several different parts. Based on the division of collections of documents, they are organized into library libraries for different purposes.
2. Document arrangement
After the documents enter the library, both document management and service work require that the documents be arranged according to scientific methods, and the classification and shelving method is mainly used for books. For journals, you can use the classification method or the journal name method. For special documents such as patent standards, you can use the document number method.
3. Document protection
Document protection is one of the basic tasks of library collection document management. Document protection is a specialized technology. For paper books and newspapers, this includes book binding, repair, fire protection, moisture proof, light protection, mildew proof, insect proof and mechanical damage resistance, etc.; for microfilm documents, audio and video documents, and CD documents, they are usually required to be kept at a constant temperature and humidity. Carefully preserved under condition. In addition, document conservation includes inventory inventory.
3. User service work
User service work: also called reader service work, refers to the use and service work of library documents, such as document loaning, reading, literature promotion, reading tutoring, reference consultation, literature retrieval, network information navigation, etc., as well as user development, User research, user training work. In addition, it also includes various types of information work, such as science and technology novelty checking, patent novelty checking, title-setting information services, etc.
(1) User development
The library should register users in stages and issue loan cards in batches according to the requirements of the library's specific tasks, or according to the nature of the user's work, or according to the area of residence, or according to the educational level and age. During the issuance process, the key points should be ensured so that the library's main service targets have priority in obtaining the right to borrow, and at the same time, the needs of general users should be met.
(2) User research
The survey and research on users is mainly to understand the rules and characteristics of users' reading tendencies and demand for literature information. The purpose of this is to resolve the contradiction between the diversity of user needs and the complexity of document information content, and the contradiction between users' scattered use of documents and the library's centralized collection of documents, so as to maximize the document information that users need. .
(3) User education and training
This is an education carried out by libraries and other document information institutions to cultivate users' awareness and ability to utilize document information. Its purpose is to help users understand document information knowledge, the contents of library collections and library services, and master methods of document retrieval and utilization. , increase users’ information awareness of using literature information to solve practical problems.
(4) Circulation promotion
Circulation promotion work is to solve or adjust the contradiction between limited collections and unlimited demand. The circulation promotion of documents includes various methods such as loan, reading, copying, interlibrary loan, and out-of-library circulation.
(5) Publicity and Counseling
The purpose of publicity and counseling work is to reveal the collection to users, allow users to make better use of the collection, improve the document utilization rate, and reduce the document rejection rate. Common ways to promote literature include new book announcements, book exhibitions, report meetings, book review activities, etc. Reading tutoring includes two aspects: tutoring on reading content and tutoring on reading methods.
(6) Reference consultation
Reference consulting work includes bibliographic work and consulting work. The bibliographic work is mainly based on the user's study and scientific research topics, collecting and compiling various informative and thematic bibliographies, indexes, abstracts and other tools for users' reference; the consulting work is mainly to answer the questions raised by the users orally or in writing.
(7) Literature search
The purpose of carrying out literature retrieval work is to provide users with the literature information they need in a broad, fast, precise and accurate manner, so as to save users' time and energy in searching for literature information. Literature retrieval work includes two parts. One is the establishment of a retrieval system and the organization and accumulation of retrieval tools; the other is based on the needs of specific topics, using search tools such as bibliographies, indexes, and abstracts to find literature materials related to the topic.
(8) Network information navigation and services
Libraries should not only provide services to users by using the documents in their collections, but also enable users to obtain online information through the Internet. Libraries should try to provide users with a network information navigation system, collect the URLs of commonly used databases or online materials on related topics, or help users query network resources and provide various consulting services.
4. Library special collection work and characteristic collection construction
(1) Library special collection work
1. The concept of library special collections
"Special Collections": Also known as special collections of documents, in foreign libraries it refers to special, dedicated, specialized, important collections, collections, collections and donations. It is a tradition for foreign libraries to use collected donations as special collections. In our country, this is extended to special collections obtained through special channels.
2. Characteristics of library special collections
⑴Rarity: Special collection documents are generally old, rare or unique books, manuscripts and other materials.
⑵ Difference: refers to the difference in format between the types of collected documents and general documents, such as pictures, slides, films, audio and video materials, maps, works of art, handicrafts and other objects that require special collection.
⑶Comprehensiveness: refers to the comprehensiveness of the collection of documents on a certain type of subject. Generally speaking, it means that special collection documents are not only unique, but also an important and comprehensive collection of documents accumulated around a special theme, discipline or individual.
(2) Construction of library characteristic collections
1. Library’s special collections
From the perspective of the storage form of documents, special collections mainly include two categories: one is documents in the traditional sense, such as certain topic documents, local documents, master's and doctoral theses, etc. These documents are carried on paper media and follow the traditional method. Reading; one category is digital resources, such as subject databases, websites, courseware, videos, subject professional portals, etc. These resources are rich in content, large in data volume, and easy to retrieve and save.
2. Principles for the construction of library characteristic collections
⑴Principle of distinctiveness
The collection of special collection documents must highlight the principle of distinctiveness. This is the fundamental reason why special collection documents are different from conventional documents, and is the premise and key to their existence. Libraries should focus on strengthening the personalized selection of characteristic document resources, have a unique document information resource system, improve the utilization rate of characteristic collection resources, and provide a platform for interlibrary complementarity of advantages.
⑵Principle of practicality
The purpose of collecting documentary resources in special collections is to develop and utilize them. Libraries should start from the actual needs of use and be oriented by user needs, plan, select and collect the documentary resources in special collections, fully meet the needs of users at different levels for specific literature information resources, and change the " The traditional book collection concept of "concentrating on storage and neglecting use" improves service quality.
⑶Systematic principle
In the collection of special collection documents, special attention should be paid to the interrelationship between the various elements of the collection document system, maintaining the integrity of important documents and special resources, systematically collecting relevant literature information resources, ensuring the continuity of the collection of special collection documents in key disciplines, and establishing Systematic and complete characteristic literature resource guarantee system.
(3) Library’s special collection services
1. Introduce the IC concept into special collection services to improve library service performance.
Information Sharing Space (IC): It is a new space composed of physical space and virtual space, equipped with new technical equipment, providing one-stop professional information services, cultivating users' information capabilities, and providing users with the opportunity to share information resources and exchange academic information. platform.
2. Apply new technological methods in special collection services to improve user experience.
Use rich media technology, apply web2.0 technology, semantic technology, intelligent mining technology, virtual reality, augmented reality and other technologies to improve user experience and meet individual needs.
3. Deepen the online digital services of featured collections and improve the accessibility of resources.
Through network digital services, the digital characteristic collection resources are integrated into a unified retrieval platform or knowledge discovery system to provide users with browsing, retrieval and utilization functions. The library service method and inter-library joint method are adopted to improve the accessibility of special collections and make them more accessible. Resources and services are provided to users in a convenient and effective way, enabling the open sharing of unique collection resources.
4. Develop content-based special collection services and improve the availability of special collection resources.
The availability of special collections means that library resources can be better utilized and create their own value. Usability relies more on the development of unique collection resources. The in-depth value-added development of special collections is based on the development of special collection content, which can effectively improve the usability of special collections.
5. Expansion of library services in the information environment
(1) Extended services outside the library
Extended services outside the library can be divided into two types: outside services within the institution and outside services outside the institution: outside services within the institution refer to information provided for various departments and staff of the parent institution to which the library is affiliated. Service can also be called "participatory information service". Off-library services outside the institution are information services provided to those institutions that do not have libraries but need library information services. They generally use librarians' traveling services, which can be called "roving information services."
(2) Interlibrary loan services in a network environment
Use the Internet to improve the interlibrary loan operation process. Users can obtain information such as documents and their collection addresses online, and can submit borrowing applications to the local library through e-mail, and the local library will complete the paper books or photocopying on their behalf. The mutual loan of documents is now often also called the original text delivery service.
(3) Online services in library environment
The development of the Internet has promoted the widespread development of the online service industry. Not only has the number of network service providers increased rapidly, but also the information resources available online are increasing day by day, creating good conditions for libraries to carry out online information services.
(4) Interactive multimedia user education
Utilize the intuitive and highly interactive characteristics of multimedia technology to produce multimedia user education courseware and carry out vivid library user education. It can not only provide relevant knowledge, but also provide a simulated library environment to facilitate user practice. Interactive multimedia user education can assist in user education work such as library visits, individual guidance of users, compilation and revision of brochures, etc., thereby greatly reducing the workload of librarians.
(5) Learning services
In the modern information technology environment, public libraries and university libraries play a more important role in the learning process of students and residents. The main methods of library learning services include campus learning services, learning space services, distance education services and lifelong education services.
(6) Reading promotion
Reading promotion, also known as reading promotion, is an activity carried out by libraries and other institutions and individuals to cultivate people's reading interest and reading habits, and improve people's reading quality, reading ability and reading effect.
In the Internet network environment, reading promotion methods include: ⑴ information interaction and push system; ⑵ library task system; ⑶ book review system; ⑷ shared reading community; ⑸ intelligent push.
(7) New network information services
It is a new type of network information content and technical services carried out by libraries, such as online resource development and utilization, information Internet services, online education services, multimedia resource services, library 2.0 services based on web2.0 technology, etc.
(8) Personalized customized services
Personalized customization service: It is a technology that develops special user interfaces according to user requirements. It is a tool for users to personally collect and organize digital resources. This tool allows you to organize the resources you need in your own dedicated, personalized interface.
(9) Open access services
Open Access (OA): refers to a document that is freely available in the Internet public domain, allowing any user to read, download, copy, transmit, print, search, hyperlink to the document, index it, and use it as software input data or any other lawful purpose.
(10) Self-service library service
In urban streets with relatively dense population and relatively developed economy, we draw lessons from the distribution characteristics of bank branches and set up 24-hour self-service libraries to achieve all-weather unattended intelligent management.
6. Library free services and information value-added services
1. Free library services
Contents of free library services: ⑴ basic services should be provided free of charge; ⑵ auxiliary services should not be charged; ⑶ public space facilities and venues should be fully open; ⑷ charges for non-basic services should be reasonable.
2. Library information value-added services
In addition to providing basic services such as borrowing and borrowing, libraries can also provide value-added services such as scientific and technological inquiry, search and indexing, and document delivery.
7. Library Automation
(1) The concept of library automation
Library automation: mainly refers to using computers as the main body, using communication technology and high-density storage technology to implement automatic management under program control of all aspects of library work, thereby improving the library's work efficiency and reducing the workload of staff. , accelerate the circulation rate of documents and provide more information to users.
A library automation system in a broad sense is a collection of software systems, hardware systems and networks used by libraries. A complete library automation system generally consists of three parts: library business automation, library office automation, and digital library.
Library automation includes: ⑴ Data processing automation and intelligence? ⑵Standardization of input and output; ⑶Automation of business management; ⑷Digitization of document information; ⑸Network dissemination of document information.
(2) Development stage of library automation
1. Development stage of library automation integrated management system
2. The stage when libraries provide global and integrated electronic document information services online.
3. Digital library stage
(3) Library automation integrated management system
⑴ Document acquisition management subsystem; ⑵ Document cataloging management subsystem; ⑶ Circulation management subsystem; ⑷ Online bibliographic retrieval subsystem (public query); ⑸ Serial publication management subsystem; ⑹ Reference consultation subsystem.
OPAC (Online Public Catalog Retrieval System): It is a modern retrieval method that readers use computer terminals to query collection data resources based on the library's local area network. It provides readers with clues to collection documents through online searches, and allows users to search and utilize them through the network. Library collection resources provide great convenience. )
Chapter 7 Library Management
1. Principles of library management
Library management: It is an activity that effectively achieves the goals of the library through a series of processes such as planning and decision-making, organization, leadership, control, and coordination of the library's document information, human, financial, and material resources.
(1) The significance of library management
1. It is the need for the integrity of library work and the national scale of librarianship.
2. It is the need to effectively utilize information resources.
3. It is the need to realize the modernization of library work.
(2) Basic requirements for modern library management
1. Standardization of management: standardization of rules and regulations and standardization of business technology
2. Rationalization of labor organization: achieving the best work results with the most economical manpower
3. Quantification of business work: data analysis, statistical system, statistical data
4. Staff specialization: possess basic knowledge and skills; develop in the direction of document information specialization
(3) Objects of library management
1. Library system (object)
Components (specific objects): personnel, documentary information, buildings, equipment, funds, technical methods
2.Library Management
Micromanagement (individual library), macromanagement (library system)
2. Library rules and regulations
(1) Meaning
Library rules and regulations: refer to the work regulations, charters, rules, details and methods that library staff or users must abide by. It is the basis and criterion for the library to implement scientific and effective management, and it is the guarantee for the normal and orderly work of the entire library.
(2) Establishment and execution
Consider four relationships: library and users, users and users, use of collection documents and preservation of documents, and the relationship between various departments within the library.
(3) Content
1. Administrative system
Mainly the organizational management system. It is the general program for the library to carry out its work, and clearly stipulates the nature, principles, tasks and other issues.
2. Business systems
⑴Document collection work system
Standards and methods, work rules
⑵Cataloging work system
Cataloging work rules, document classification rules, document description regulations, catalog organization rules, etc.
⑶Borrowing work system
User borrowing rules, reading work organization
⑷Library management rules
Preserve the division and management of book stacks, basic collection stacks, auxiliary stacks and special collection stacks
⑸Automated work management rules
Computer room management, data storage, access rights, data security, equipment updates, etc.
3. Library Statistics
Library statistics: It is to use numbers to quantitatively reflect the actual situation of library work in order to implement quantitative management of libraries. It is one of the important management systems and management methods of the library.
(1) The significance and role of library statistics
1. Library statistics are a powerful tool for understanding the laws of library activities.
Understand the regularity of library activities through a large number of statistics on library activities and their statistical analysis.
2. Library statistics are the objective basis for carrying out library business work.
The development of library business work, including the regulation of workload, the completion of tasks of procurement and circulation departments, the determination of the number of copies of documents, the number of users, the number of borrowings, etc., are all inseparable from the data provided by library statistics .
3. Library statistics are one of the important means for scientific and effective library management.
On the one hand, there is statistical service, which means that library statistics must serve library management decision-making, and all statistical data and statistical analysis must be based on management needs. On the one hand, there is statistical supervision, which means that library statistics should provide feedback information to library management in a timely manner and comprehensively and accurately reflect the operation of the library so that managers can make new decisions.
4. Library statistics is one of the important methods of library science research.
Quantitative analysis of library science research is based on library statistics. Therefore, in-depth library science research is inseparable from library statistics. Bradford's law, Price index, etc. in library research are closely related to library statistics.
(2) Indicator system of library statistics
1. Indicators of the volume of documents in the collection
Including the quantity, variety, quality, price indicators, etc. of books, periodicals, audio-visual materials, computer documents, etc. A complete collection of literature statistics must reflect the number of documents collected, time of collection, price, genre, source, and the number of categories according to the content of the collected documents.
2.User volume indicator
Including the number and composition of local and foreign users, the number and composition of fixed users and temporary users of the library, etc. A complete user statistics must reflect the composition and number of users, the dynamics of the number of users, the proportion of users to collections of documents, etc.
3. Borrowing volume indicator
Including the number of categories of document borrowing and its proportional relationship with the number of users. A complete borrowing statistics must reflect the quantitative and qualitative indicators of borrowed document trends. It is an important indicator of the quality of library work.
4. Library deepens service indicators
Refers to indicators in reference consultation, literature opening, database construction, etc.
(3) Library statistical analysis and methods
1. Contents of library statistical analysis
Library statistical analysis: It is to conduct comparative analysis or comprehensive research on statistics according to certain requirements, so as to master the statistical ratios that reflect the characteristics, connections and patterns of various library work, and form intellectual statistical products to summarize experience, guide and improve A way of working.
2. Six ratios and their calculation methods
⑴Document utilization rate
Refers to the number of documents borrowed by users in the collection as a percentage of the total number of documents in the collection. The calculation method is: divide the total number of borrowings by users within a certain period of time by the total number of collections.
Formula: Total number of documents borrowed by users ÷Total number of documents in the library’s collection × 100%
⑵Document circulation rate
Refers to the percentage of documents in library and reading rooms used for public lending that are borrowed by users. The calculation method is: divide the total number of documents borrowed by users in a certain library or room within a certain period of time by the total number of documents stored in that library or room.
Formula: The total number of documents borrowed by users in a certain library or a certain room within a certain period of time ÷ the total number of documents stored in a certain library or a certain room × 100%
⑶User attendance rate
Refers to the average number of times a user visits the library throughout the year. The calculation method is: divide the number of users who visit the library throughout the year by the actual number of readers.
Formula: Number of users visiting the library throughout the year ÷ Actual number of users × 100%
⑷User reading rate
Refers to the average number of documents borrowed by each user. The calculation method is: divide the number of borrowed documents throughout the year by the number of actual borrowing users.
Formula: Total number of documents borrowed throughout the year ÷ actual number of users borrowing items × 100%
⑸Document rejection rate
It refers to the percentage of the number of documents that users have not borrowed in the library to the number of documents that users want to borrow. The calculation method is: divide the total number of documents that the user has not borrowed within a certain period of time by the total number of documents that the user wants to borrow.
Formula: The total number of documents that have not been borrowed ÷ the total number of documents that the user wants to borrow × 100%
⑹Document guarantee rate
Refers to the index of the degree to which the library's collection of documents meets the needs of residents. This indicator mainly explains the proportional relationship between the amount of documents in the collection and the number of residents, and the proportional relationship between the amount of documents in the collection and the number of users. The larger the collection, the higher the level of protection for residents’ needs. There are two calculation methods: one is to divide the total number of documents in the collection by the total number of residents above school age. The second is to divide the total number of documents in the collection by the number of users.
Formula: ① The total number of documents in the collection ÷ the total number of residents above school age × 100%; ② The total number of documents in the collection ÷ the number of users × 100%
3. Methods and steps of library analysis
⑴Method:
Classification analysis method, comparative analysis method, dynamic analysis method, correlation analysis method, structural analysis method,
⑵Steps:
①Determine the purpose of analysis; ②Collect statistical data; ③Review statistical data; ④Establish mathematical models; ⑤Carry out analysis and prediction; ⑥Propose analysis opinions and methods and measures to improve work
4. Library work evaluation and library evaluation
(1) The significance of library work evaluation
1. Evaluation of library work: In essence, it is an evaluation of the effectiveness of library work. The so-called library work efficiency refers to the comparative relationship between the labor results of library work and the occupation of funds and labor consumption.
2. The basic content of library work efficiency: In the library work process, the maximum social benefits are obtained with the least capital and labor consumption, and the information needs of social members are fully satisfied.
3. The purpose of studying the efficiency of library work: to correctly handle the relationship between capital occupation, labor consumption and final labor results, and to organically link them so that they can better serve society.
(2) Evaluation criteria for library work
The effectiveness of library work is measured by the amount of information contained in the documents it collects, the quality of information, and the effect of information.
1. Information volume and information value
The role of a library in society depends to a large extent on whether it possesses a certain amount and value of documentary information. Rich and valuable documentation is the material basis for library work. The value of information is determined by the accuracy, novelty and practicality of the information. The greater the amount of valuable document information, the greater the contribution to society, which proves that library work is more effective.
2. Information utilization rate
The library provides services to society through the documentary information it holds. The more users of literature, the higher the utilization rate of literature information, and the greater the benefit to society. The utilization rate of document information is the most specific criterion for measuring the value of information and evaluating library work. It has both quantitative analysis and quality requirements. Libraries should adopt a variety of service methods to accelerate the transmission and utilization of document information and give full play to the role of document information resources.
3. Information effect
Document information, as a kind of resource, must be developed and utilized in order to fully play its role and show its effect. Improving information effectiveness is a central link in library work. The so-called information effect should include three contents: ① the role of information in economic exchanges and technology introduction; ② the role of information in production and technological innovation; ③ information activated into economic benefits after production. To evaluate the quality of a library's work is to look at the role that the literature information it provides plays in the above three aspects.
(3) Library evaluation
1.The significance of library evaluation
Library evaluation: It is a process of comprehensive and systematic quantitative or qualitative assessment and evaluation of library work. It is an important part of library management.
⑴ Macro: Objectively reflect the current situation of library undertakings and work, strengthen macro-control, and promote healthy development.
⑵ Micro: Understand the library’s business level, characteristics and work gaps, and provide scientific basis for proposing key points and measures for improvement work.
2.Library Evaluation Criteria
⑴Leadership system: including the degree of leadership’s attention, the establishment of the curator’s responsibility system, etc.
⑵Team building: number of personnel, talent structure, personnel qualifications.
⑶Library buildings and equipment: library layout, library building conditions, and equipment conditions.
⑷ Funding: business funds, book purchase funds, and other funding sources.
⑸Quantity and quality of collection documents
⑹Document management level
⑺User services: opening hours, document circulation rate, user attendance rate, publicity and counseling activities, information resource development level.
⑻Library management level: Whether the establishment of rules and regulations, work plans and other management documents are complete.
⑼ Modernization level: application of library management integrated system, application of Internet technology, document digitization work, etc.
3. Issues that should be paid attention to in job evaluation
⑴ Organize an evaluation team.
⑵ Combine assessment with guidance.
⑶Grading must be serious, fair and objective.
⑷ It is necessary to combine evaluation with rewarding the advanced and driving the underachievers.
⑸ Management methods, advanced experience and application results, etc., should be summarized and promoted in a timely manner.
5. Standardization of library work
(1) The significance of standardization of library work
Standardization of library work: It means the implementation of unified principles and standards for the technical methods and equipment of library business work.
Standardization of library work is an important basic work of modern libraries, an important part of library management, and a necessary condition for realizing library modernization.
(2) Principles of standardization of library work
1. Scientific principles
Library work standards are the basis and criteria for carrying out library work, reveal the internal connections, and are scientific.
2. Principle of simplification
One of the important ways to simplify document processing is to standardize document work.
3. Principle of unity
Standardization of library work itself means unifying library work with normative standards.
4.Coordination principle
The formulation, revision, and promotion of any standard must be achieved through close collaboration with relevant departments; any standard must be coordinated with all other relevant standards.
5. Stable inheritance principle
Stability means that when formulating standards, attention must be paid to ensuring that they can have a relatively stable period within a certain scope and under certain conditions; inheritance means that when formulating and revising standards, some traditional practices of libraries and some provisions of the original standards cannot be ignored. .
(3) Contents of standardization of library work
1. Divided by scope of use (5 types):
International standards, regional standards, national standards, industry standards, museum standards
2. Divided by content (6 types):
⑴Basic standards for library work. Including standards for nouns, terms, symbols, signs, definitions, etc.
⑵Method standards for library work. Regulations, rules or procedures during the operation of each work link.
⑶ Standards for information description and format. Document description standards, metadata standards, etc.
⑷Standards for document organization and exchange. Classification, subject indexing standards, etc.
⑸Library equipment standards. Shape, size, quality, performance, etc.
⑹Library technical standards. Digital library construction standards, digital resource format standards, etc.
Chapter 8 Digital Library and Virtual Library
1. The origin of the concept of digital library
The concept of digital library was first proposed from a digital perspective.
2. Definition of digital library
Digital library: A physical or virtual information institution or group of information institutions that preserves electronic documents stored in digital format and transmits the stored digital information through computers and networks. It also provides virtual links to online information and provides services.
3. Functions, elements and characteristics of digital libraries
(1) Functions of digital library
1. Digitization of various traditional carrier documents
Digital libraries should digitize the documents on traditional carriers of traditional libraries, including various printed documents, microform materials, audio-visual materials, films and other documentary information, but at the same time they must also produce and preserve new digital forms of information.
2. Data storage and management
The digital library has a distributed information resource library group, with the ability to organize and store information in a sequential manner. It can effectively connect users with various libraries, information service centers, databases and various network information resources through network systems to achieve Information resource transmission is networked, and access is not limited by time and space.
3. Transmission and release of digital data
Digital libraries should implement comprehensive, diversified and high-efficiency digital information services through the national backbone communication network and the Internet.
4. Organize effective access and information inquiries
Digital libraries should carry out image design and publicity and promotion, organize users to access and use digital library information, and help users access, query, retrieve and utilize global library and network information resources.
(2) Necessary elements of digital library
1. Digital libraries should have independent and large-scale collections of digital information resources.
2. It should have high-speed, reliable and open network resources that can provide electronic information services to the society 24 hours a day.
3. There should be efficient and easy-to-operate search engines and browsers that can automatically perform distributed information retrieval and obtain full-text information and various hypertext information remotely through the network.
4. Have systems and capabilities for digital information resource production, storage, release, and maintenance.
(3) Characteristics of digital libraries
1. Digitization of information resources
Use computer technology to digitize various literature information resources and provide online services.
2. Diversified information content
Digital libraries include libraries, archives, museums, and other wide-area information resources.
3. Information transmission network
Digital libraries connect digital information materials from all over the world through computer network systems and transmit, utilize, develop and share them on the network.
4. Popularization of digital technology
Utilize various new technologies, such as optical disk storage, hypermedia technology, data warehouse, data mining, and organize the management and retrieval of larger databases.
5. Multi-dimensional information disclosure
Revealing digital information from multiple angles is the basis for improving the efficiency of information retrieval and utilization.
6. Knowledge organization network
The form of networked information organization has changed from a sequential, linear form to a direct, networked, non-linear form of organization.
7. Resource storage distribution
A digital library is a distributed information resource library group with ordered information organization and structured storage, a unified retrieval mechanism, and can support cross-warehouse, unified, and efficient access and utilization.
8. Intelligent information provision
Intelligent functions adapt to the requirements of the network environment and become the exchange station and node of the global information network.
9. Information utilization and sharing
Digital libraries should make full use of the delivery conditions provided by the Internet and organize effective online information access and information inquiry within the scope permitted by copyright, so that online resources can be shared and utilized to the maximum extent.
10. Information organization virtualization
Information digitization and virtualization, information storage work is decentralized and provided by numerous information owners, further virtualizing information institutions, and users face more computer networks rather than physical information institutions and librarians.
11. Decentralization of information services
The construction and operation of digital libraries must be user-centered. Users do not need to go to the library to check materials in person. They can use the information in the digital library through the computer network in front of a terminal in the office or at home.
12. User service personalization
User-oriented, active service, service content is based on the unique needs of each user, and the required information can be provided in a user-customized manner.
(4) Progress in the construction of digital libraries in China
China Digital Library Project, Ministry of Education’s Digital Library Research Plan, etc.
(5) Problems existing in the development of China’s digital library
1. Insufficient understanding and backward concepts
Digitization is only a technical concept for most libraries, and it is a vague concept for citizens and even most library staff. Simply thinking that digital documents are digital libraries will result in simple and repetitive information on the Internet.
2. Challenges from new technologies and emerging business formats
The construction of digital libraries faces the challenges of new technologies and emerging business formats such as big data, artificial intelligence and mobile Internet. Some functions of digital libraries are assumed by new media such as reading public accounts. At the same time, new technologies continue to emerge, which not only enriches the functions of digital libraries Construction and service means also make the difficulties faced by digital libraries in terms of funds, personnel, standards, etc. more prominent.
3. Insufficient training of talents in the construction team
The construction of digital libraries requires the comprehensive application of many new technologies, which requires the participation of talents from all aspects. Such as computer technology talents, network technology talents, communication technology talents, information management talents, data analysis talents, etc.
4.Intellectual property issues
In the network environment, the "copying" behavior of digital document information resources has become blurred. How to protect the intellectual property rights of the original information rights holders while balancing the interests of information users and libraries has become an issue that cannot be ignored.
5. Lack of coordination and serious duplication of construction
There is still no authoritative coordination agency among various regions, systems and libraries in the country. The construction of digital libraries lacks overall unified planning and coordination from authoritative government departments. A considerable number of so-called digital library constructions are still carried out in their own way, and they are greedy for the big and seek the complete. In a relatively dispersed and disorderly state, the problem of duplication of information resources is serious.
(6) Construction plan of China Digital Library
1. Develop a unified and coordinated plan
⑴The construction of China's digital library is a cross-regional, cross-industry, and cross-department systematic project. Attention must be paid to the research and formulation of China's digital library construction model and construction plan.
⑵ Relevant government departments should strengthen the organization and leadership of digital library construction and formulate development strategies and macro-construction plans for China's digital libraries. This also includes formulating plans for libraries in various regions and at all levels to maintain coordination with the overall situation. Under the national overall construction plan, we will strengthen collaboration among relevant units and institutions, unify development and division of labor, and achieve co-construction and sharing of resources.
2. Construction of digital information resources
⑴The construction of digital information in libraries includes two aspects: one is to digitize the library’s collection resources, and the other is to collect digital information resources.
⑵Basic conditions for the construction of digital information resource libraries. Strengthening the construction of digital information resources must be carried out in a purposeful and planned manner, and must strictly abide by the principle of giving priority to social needs. We must ensure key points, highlight features, build things first, and then build them step by step. At the same time, it is necessary to break the boundaries of divisions, regions, systems and industries, and realize the joint construction of digital information resources.
3.Related technology research and development
⑴The digital library is a very large-scale information system supported by a variety of information technologies. During its construction, a large number of related technologies must be vigorously researched, developed and applied.
⑵For example, image scanning technology, metadata technology, Chinese information machine understanding, data analysis, data mining and visualization technology, smart library technology, cloud computing technology, personalized service technology, virtual reality and augmented reality technology, etc.
4. Cybersecurity
⑴The digital library itself is a local area network and an important part of the wide area network and the Internet. Computer networks are unstable and may be attacked and destroyed from all aspects at any time. Therefore, the security of computer network is directly related to the security of digital library.
⑵ To ensure the security of digital libraries and networks, firstly, we must strengthen awareness of network security prevention, secondly, we must formulate security measures, thirdly, we must strictly abide by work systems and operating procedures, and fourthly, we must strengthen the research and application of network system security management technology. , Fifth, we must use legal means to severely punish behaviors that damage public network systems.
5. Establish a public platform
⑴The digital library is an open hardware and software integration platform. Through the integration of technology and products, it digitizes a large number of various document carriers and organizes them to provide online services.
⑵ This requires establishing a public platform based on cloud service architecture to provide a series of basic services for the integration of various application systems, enabling data sharing between application systems, application access between systems, and providing unified services to users. access interface.
6. Develop standardized and unified standards
⑴Digital libraries are developed from library automation, but there is a lack of completely unified standards for the implementation of automation in libraries in my country. The fundamental purpose of library automation is to realize resource sharing for the whole society, but so far it has not been possible to build a true joint cataloging network system.
⑵ In the process of building digital libraries, due to the lack of unified standards, inconsistent descriptions of information resources, and inconsistent document indexing rules, hundreds of digital libraries that have been established across the country are incompatible with each other, making it very difficult for readers to use them. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of digital library standards to truly realize the purpose of digital library resource sharing.
7. Rights management and copyright protection issues
⑴The security of digital libraries is very important. In digital libraries, unified electronic identity management and authentication are established for all data and applications online. It is the responsibility of security management to ensure their safety.
⑵Security management must ensure the privacy of data and prevent unauthorized access to the data; ensure the integrity of the data so that the data is not destroyed, lost or modified during storage or transmission; ensure the availability of data and applications and be able to comply with the requirements. Provide effective services to meet the needs of users; more importantly, appropriate technology must be used to ensure that the copyright owner's resources are not abused.
2. Virtual Library
(1) Concept of virtual library
1. Virtual library: It is to select the subject area of information resources based on specific goals, collect and collect relevant website pages, identify and verify them, and rationally organize the verified URLs so that they can be retrieved. Browse and link collections of information.
2. Essential characteristics
⑴ In terms of the subject attributes of the information resources collected, virtual libraries are all subject-specific or thematic.
⑵ In terms of the way of processing the collected information, the virtual library has classified and organized the collected information, and most of them also carry out vocabulary control in the form of keywords.
⑶As for the hyperlinks pointing to the original web pages, the virtual library authenticates and verifies the links and continuously maintains them to prevent dead links as much as possible.
(2) The connotation of virtual library
1. The information in the virtual library is all digital information, which is completely different from the physical carrier documents.
2. A variety of media information is stored in digital format. It is more convenient to maintain and store digital information in the network virtual space. Therefore, the library floor space and the physical storage space of information can be greatly reduced.
3. Using digital technology, readers can use Telnet to check databases, use FTP to download and retrieve information, use Email to mail online results, and can also check e-books, business information and entertainment information online.
4. The information sources of virtual libraries are not limited to library documents, but the entire society, including business information, geographical information, etc.
5. The business scope of the virtual library is larger than that of the traditional library, which is equivalent to the business scope of the traditional library and information center combined.
6. The collection, sorting, and indexing of virtual library collection information are carried out in an online and parallel manner. It can be carried out independently by the virtual library, or it can be carried out in the region, the country or even the world.
(3) Virtual reality library
1. Virtual reality (VR): It is a three-dimensional space reproduction technology that simulates reality with computer as the core, comprehensive use of various latest technologies, and integration of vision, hearing, and touch. When applied to computer systems, a VR system is formed, that is, a virtual reality system.
2. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML:) is a file format that describes three-dimensional shapes and interactive environments. It can also be used with www to realize a virtual world formed through hyperlinks to the global Internet and www.
3. Application of virtual reality technology in libraries: design and production of electronic graphic materials; remote management and services; building a library in a virtual reality environment.
(4) Application of augmented reality and mixed reality in libraries
Augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR)
3. Smart Library
Smart library: refers to an advanced development form of digital library that provides users with smart services and management through intelligent sensing technologies such as the Internet of Things.
Chapter 9 Library Modernization and Electronic Copyright Issues
1. Digitization of library collections
(1) Characteristics of digital document information
1. Digital document information includes electronic publications and online publications. Main features:
⑴Digital document information is represented in the form of computer-readable data.
⑵The carrier of digital document information is magnetic or optical information storage media.
⑶The production and use of digital document information must be carried out with the help of information processing equipment such as computers and mobile phones.
⑷The distribution methods of digital document information include both electronic publications and online services.
2. Advantages:
⑴ Large amount of stored information, small size, high density, saving space. ⑵ Spread quickly. ⑶The price is cheap. ⑷The utilization rate of information resources is high and the scope of use is wide. ⑸Convenient and fast search function for automated management. ⑹ The types and forms are diverse and can be produced by users themselves. ⑺Save natural resources and reduce environmental pollution.
3. Disadvantages:
⑴The storage life of digital documents is limited. ⑵Depends on software and hardware equipment and cannot be read directly. ⑶It is difficult to unify format standards. ⑷The stored information is susceptible to interference and destruction.
(2) Progress in the construction of document digitization in my country
The stages include the introduction and preliminary utilization of optical discs, secondary development and utilization, self-development, and network information development and construction.
(3) Key technical issues in the digitization of library documents in my country
1. Organizational structure of digital document production
It mainly includes various types of book information institutions or their affiliated operating and development companies, publishing houses, newspaper and periodical companies, information technology companies, etc.
2. Topic selection for digital documents
There are many documents in library collections that are suitable for conversion into digital documents, but please note:
⑴Library should pay attention to converting the characteristic documents collected by the library into digital documents.
⑵In the digitization of documents, we must consider not only the cultural preservation and dissemination functions, but also the market benefits.
⑶ It is necessary to strengthen coordination and cooperation in the construction of digital document resources to avoid duplication of development and construction.
⑷In-depth domestic and foreign market demand surveys should be conducted when selecting topics and making overall plans.
3. Main types of digital document information
⑴ Use scanning entry method to store documents or picture materials as image files page by page according to their original appearance, and compile indexes for titles, responsible persons, categories, subject words or keywords, famous objects, etc. The index can be used to search and display the page where the index words are located. image file.
⑵ Store file content in text mode, supplemented by a full-text retrieval database composed of a full-text retrieval system.
2. Library 2.0 technology and its applications
Web2.0: As a series of technologies related to the Internet have developed to a certain stage, the application threshold has gradually been lowered, and technology and needs can be easily combined, resulting in a large-scale application popularization. Web2.0 uses a large number of models to interact with users, collect user behaviors, gather collective intelligence, and provide more personalized services.
Library 2.0: It is an integration model based on the traditional business model, based on library bibliographic data, secondary literature and other digital resource library services, and combined with the characteristics of web 2.0 applications. Library 2.0 technology emphasizes interaction with readers, enhances the experience of library readers, directly affects user needs, and will have an important impact on the library's own business model. In fact, it is the origin of users building and sharing in the construction of information resources.
(1) Commonly used technologies in Library 2.0
RSS (simple information aggregation), Blog (blog), Wiki (wiki), Instant Message (IM instant messaging), SNS (social network service), Collective Intelligence (collective intelligence), Tagging (adding tags), browser plug-ins, Greasemonkey (sliding monkey), Bookmarklet (small bookmark), Rich Web Application (rich World Wide Web application), Open Source (free open source software)
(2) Services provided by Library 2.0
Personalized portal (channel customization), my favorites, my bookshelf, my albums, my music, my subscriptions, my friends/interest groups, reader clubs, space provision, virtual reference work, recommended books/ Recommended reading
(3) Implementation principles of Library 2.0
1. Library 2.0 exists for users. Libraries should use advanced technology to actively provide "extra" services that are different from traditional services, and should not rest on their laurels just because they are not "traditional" services.
2. Library 2.0 should maintain maximum openness and neutrality. The development of any resource type, technology, or model is possible, and libraries can and should experiment without being bound by concepts or influenced by any interest groups.
3. Library 2.0 uses open resources to provide services as much as possible, including open content and open software.
4. Library 2.0 uses commercial services as much as possible.
5. Library 2.0 technology must be modular and component-based, have strong platform and device independence, comply with various protocol standards, and can be easily combined and matched.
3. Electronic copyright issues in library modernization
(1) Related concepts of copyright
Intellectual property rights, as a kind of property right, are certain exclusive rights granted by law to the owners of intellectual products over their intellectual achievements.
my country's "General Principles of Civil Law" regards intellectual property as an important civil right alongside ownership, creditor's rights, and personal rights. Its scope mainly includes copyright, patent rights, and trademark rights.
(2) Database copyright issues
Database is a commonly used organization method for network information resources and an important part of digital libraries. The quantity and quality of databases are the standard for measuring the level of libraries.
Database in a narrow sense: refers to an electronic database, that is, "a combination of interconnected data organized, stored and used in a computer system according to a certain data model."
Generalized database: It is an information entity in which the creator applies certain technical means to select, modify, compile, organize, arrange existing works, work fragments, data or other materials, and express them in electronic form.
1.Copyright protection of database
⑴ Original databases are protected by copyright.
Originality, also known as originality, emphasizes that the database must be the developer's own intellectual creation.
⑵ Databases that are not original can also be protected by copyright.
The hard-working collection principle is also known as the sweating forehead principle: According to this principle, when developing a database, as long as the developer actually works hard, invests a certain amount of money, time, and uses certain technical means when collecting, selecting, and organizing data , then the database should be protected by copyright.
⑶Special protection for database contents.
Although the contents of the database are not eligible for protection under copyright law, there is a need for protection.
2. Copyright issues of library databases
⑴Copyright issues in database construction
Bibliographic and abstract databases; full-text databases
⑵ Copyright issues in database applications
⑶ Reasonable use of database
The first is the protection of the database itself, that is, the creator of the database enjoys copyright over the entire database. The second is to protect the information in the database, that is, the copyright of the original work is not infringed.
(3) Multimedia copyright issues
Classification of multimedia and collective management of copyright of multimedia works
(4) Copyright issues of user services
Copyright issues of web pages, copyright issues of links, and copyright issues of electronic bulletins (BBS electronic bulletin board system)
(5) Copyright issues in electronic reproduction
Adhere to the principle that offline works follow, that is, if offline use is illegal, online use cannot be legal.
(6) Legal use of electronic information resources
Electronic information resources can be roughly divided into two categories from the perspective of whether they are protected by copyright: one is public information; the other is information protected by copyright law.
(7) Forms of infringement of electronic information resources
Disseminating copyrighted works through the Internet without permission; destroying copyright management information; destroying technical protection measures; malicious use.
(8) Protection of independent intellectual property information resources
1. Copyright protected content
Information resources such as bibliographies, abstract retrieval tools or databases independently developed by libraries can enjoy copyright if they are innovative in arrangement and content.
2. Technical measures for copyright protection
Access control technology, content encryption protection technology, digital watermark technology, DRM technology, anti-copy technology, firewall technology, customer authentication technology.
3. Management measures for copyright protection
Strengthen contract management; issue copyright statement
(9) Self-regulatory measures for libraries to protect copyright
1. Pay close attention to copyright legislative developments and cultivate librarians’ awareness and quality of copyright protection.
2. Collect important or typical cases related to intellectual property protection at home and abroad, especially cases related to the protection of scientific and technological achievements.
3. Analyze the copyright status of electronic information resources and make full use of public information and the principle of fair use to provide information services.
4. Educate and guide readers to comply with copyright laws.
5. Strengthen communication and collaboration with copyright owners and publishers, actively participate in legislation, and safeguard public interests.
6. Carry out copyright certification work.
(10) Future trends in electronic book copyright and digital content access protection
(11) Blockchain and digital copyright protection
Narrow sense: Blockchain technology is a chain data structure that connects data blocks in chronological order, and uses cryptography to ensure that the data is not tampered with and cannot be forged, a distributed ledger.
Broadly speaking: Blockchain technology is a distributed system that uses a blockchain data structure to save and verify data, uses a consensus mechanism to generate and modify data, ensures data access and transmission security through cryptography, and performs data operations through smart contracts. Framework and computing paradigm, the current typical application of blockchain is Bitcoin.
Conclusion The development direction of libraries in the network environment
1. The new form of library that combines physical libraries and virtual libraries will become the main form of libraries in the future.
1. The emergence of digital libraries does not negate the basis for the continued existence of traditional physical libraries. The relationship between new forms of libraries and traditional libraries is not a relationship of substitution, but a relationship of interdependence and mutual promotion. The new form of library is built on the basis of the traditional library; at the same time, the new form of networked library also provides opportunities for further development of traditional libraries.
2. After the emergence of new forms of libraries such as digital libraries, traditional libraries will further develop and play their role in information services. This is mainly determined by the advantages of traditional libraries. The advantages of the traditional museum are mainly reflected in:
⑴The large amount of processed, indexed, and sorted document information resources collected by traditional libraries are not only the basis of library services, but also an important information source for new forms of libraries.
⑵The intuitiveness of traditional library information is better than that of digital libraries.
⑶The security of traditional library information is better than that of digital libraries.
⑷ Some library users have a habit of using traditional libraries for a long time, making them more dependent on traditional libraries than on digital libraries.
⑸The continuity and stability of online information resources, the main body of information in digital libraries, is lower than that of traditional documents.
⑹ Digital libraries need to pay certain fees in terms of communication fees, data usage fees and service fees, which will affect the willingness of some users to use digital libraries.
⑺Not all documents can be digitized. For example, full-text conversion of ancient books, archives, etc. will lose many of their document characteristics.
⑻ The cost of construction, use and maintenance of digital library equipment is high, and the cost of updating equipment and information resources with technological changes is also high, which also imposes certain restrictions on the transformation of libraries.
3. Therefore, within a certain period of time, traditional libraries and new libraries will coexist for a long time, complement each other, and jointly meet the information needs of users. In the future, the main form of libraries will still be composite libraries that combine digital libraries and physical libraries. Composite library: It is an organic combination of digital library and traditional library. It is not just about digitizing traditional documents, nor is it just about providing online resources to users, but it is about electronic or paper information. Resources are highly integrated.
2. In the network environment, libraries will still exist for a long time and play their own unique value and function in social information dissemination.
The library has unique advantages in information dissemination compared with other information dissemination institutions and methods:
1. Libraries will continue to be the main social institutions responsible for the preservation of knowledge and cultural resources in human society. In the network environment, libraries can break through the limitations of original collections and rely on information technologies such as the Internet to collect, retrieve and maintain various forms of knowledge and information carriers.
2. The core position of the library as an information document center established in its long-term responsibility for the preservation of information and culture has enabled many users to use the library as an entry point for obtaining information in the network environment.
3. The library has made unremitting efforts for the sharing of information resources for a long time, and established a social security mechanism for members of society to have equal access to information resources and new equipment to limit information monopoly.
4. As a concrete embodiment of human thinking mode, the library's working methods will play an important role in the construction and organization of network information.
3. The construction of library document resources has changed to the construction of information resources, and the emphasis has been shifted from the level of resource ownership to the emphasis on the combination and sharing capabilities of information resources.
1. Due to the rapid development of Internet technology, libraries have become important information nodes on the information highway. Users’ behavior in using libraries has also changed, from the original demand for documents to the demand for information, that is, people no longer pay attention to it. The difference between information carriers is to focus on the effectiveness of information. In order to adapt to this change, the concept of library document resource construction should be deepened and expanded into information resource construction.
2. For all types of libraries at all levels in our country, the main tasks in document information construction should be:
⑴ Under the premise of inter-library coordination and resource sharing, use limited funds to purchase important and applicable printed books, periodicals and other traditional documents, focus on the collection of digital documents, and do a good job in connecting traditional libraries with digital libraries .
⑵ Libraries that have the necessary conditions can convert uniquely valuable traditional documents in their collections into digital document resources, independently or in cooperation with commercial companies.
⑶Continue to carry out inter-library collaboration and strengthen the construction of national and regional digital document resource protection systems.
⑷ Use online information to build virtual collections, virtually link network information, and establish a virtual collection of the library - the in vitro library.
⑸Knowledge organization work. This includes document classification, subject indexing, cataloging, and bibliographic control. It also includes the indexing and organization of online information, network information navigation, information organization, and automatic generation of new information.
⑹ Strengthen the construction of various types of information resource databases. The main types of databases include bibliographic databases, abstract databases, index databases, fact databases, full-text databases, multimedia hybrid databases, etc.
⑺Ordering, leasing, management and services of online electronic journals and various commercial data center resources.
4. Under the network environment, library user services transform from document delivery services to information navigation services, and promote the ubiquity of libraries
1. Information networking allows users to use information without time and space restrictions, and the time to obtain information is shortened. The information center status of formal information exchange channels such as libraries is challenged, and the way in which their information delivery services are delivered will also change or expand.
⑴In the future, multi-directional active information transmission services, mainly providing indexes, catalogs, and abstracts, will be expanded from users of the library to users of the whole society.
⑵ One-way active information transmission service (topic setting service) has been further enhanced due to the improvement of technical means.
⑶ The volume of multiple passive information services focusing on information accumulation and provision has increased, but users are increasingly less dependent on document carriers.
⑷One-way passive transmission with consulting services as the main feature will be realized faster and more effectively due to the support of Internet technology.
2. The above phenomenon can be summarized as "library ubiquity", that is, libraries everywhere - "ubiquitous libraries". (The 8A theory of ubiquitous libraries: any service subject library can provide information resources of any period, any type, any format and any language to any user of the service object at any time and any place.) Its salient features are: Wherever the users are, library services are there, and users can obtain library services no matter when and where they are.
5. Library organization and management are changing to adapt to the development of new forms of libraries. Library forms and management will become more virtual, data-based, and intelligent.
In the network environment, both macro-management and micro-management of libraries will undergo major changes.
1. New changes in library macro management
⑴Establish the concept of a big library. The scope of social library management and coordination should not be limited to various types of libraries, but attention should be paid to the cooperation and coordination of social institutions related to all information resources. Libraries can join forces with mass media, network service providers, etc. to form an information economic community and jointly undertake the functions of information production and dissemination in the network environment.
⑵ Reform the library management system. In the future, the library management system will no longer be vertical, hierarchical, and system-divided, but a networked management system; each library will establish an equal and cooperative relationship with other libraries through the network, and will work with other libraries within the system. The hierarchical relationship will weaken and become increasingly loose; the relationship between libraries is more based on the sharing of information resources rather than on the basis of administrative leadership and financial allocation.
⑶ Pay attention to the formulation and improvement of information work and information technology standards. Such as the standardization of bibliographic description format, computer document format, database format, etc.
⑷Formulation of laws and regulations related to library services. Such as the enactment of laws and regulations such as copyright protection, information user privacy and commercial privacy protection law, information security and information crime prevention law, and harmful information dissemination restriction law, as well as the formulation of library laws.
⑸The establishment of an information ethics restraint mechanism that is consistent with the information age. Such as respecting the right to freely obtain information, respecting information intellectual property rights, protecting information privacy, preventing information garbage and information pollution, not spreading bad information, etc., as well as establishing a unified code of conduct for libraries and information practitioners.
2. New changes in library micromanagement
⑴In the network environment, the working links and procedures of the library will change, and the establishment of the library's functional departments will also change accordingly. To adapt to changes in tasks, libraries should reorganize institutional departments. The functions of traditional library functional departments, such as acquisition and editing, collections, and services, will be expanded. New-form libraries can be organized into information collection departments, information conversion departments, and data description departments according to tasks. Department, Digital Service Department, Technical Support Department and other departments.
⑵The library management method has changed from manual management to the use of automated and intelligent management information systems; at the same time, the management of new forms of libraries also includes the management of online information resources.
⑶ Pay attention to the connection between the physical museum and the virtual museum. In the new type of library, the virtual digital library will become a node on the global Internet, while traditional libraries characterized by traditional document collection and services will still exist for a long time. Therefore, the management model must take into account both, and pay attention to their mutual connection and substitution relationship in terms of functions and structures.
⑷The current behavioral patterns of library staff will also change. The network environment enables online collaborative shared cataloging, information indexing, information retrieval, consulting services and other tasks to be completed online and in remote locations. Therefore, some staff will implement flexible working systems and target management. They may not work in the library but work from home, and the working hours can also be chosen by the staff.
⑸ Extensive application of big data analysis technology in library management and decision-making. Use the library's user information, literature resource information, social media information, etc. to conduct data mining, data analysis, establish visual models, and discover the relationship between library services and user behavior data from decentralized, fragmented, and hidden information. And integration and optimization can provide reliable and timely data support for library decision-making.
6. Library team building must adapt to the requirements of the information society, and lifelong learning has become the first need for librarians’ career development.
In the future, the work objects of librarians will change from traditional documents to online information, and the librarians themselves will also change from document deliverers to information navigators. In the network environment, librarians have three core roles: managers, communicators, and educators. By. In the future, libraries will also put forward better requirements for the quality of employees, and library team building must adapt to the requirements of the changing information society.
⑴The library team structure will change. In addition to the existing administrative personnel and library professionals in traditional libraries, libraries in a network environment should also have automation equipment design and maintenance personnel, network resource construction, retrieval and network maintenance personnel, and digital information conversion personnel. And the proportion of library personnel related to network information construction, organization and services will be dominant.
⑵The knowledge structure of librarians should be adjusted in a timely manner. The knowledge mastered by librarians must change from library science knowledge in the manual stage to a new knowledge structure composed of library science knowledge, information knowledge and network knowledge in the Internet era.
⑶Major changes should occur in library science professional education. The current education system, training objectives and curriculum for cultivating library professionals should be adjusted in a timely manner to adapt to changing forms, actively explore the reform path of library science education, learn from foreign experience, and highlight the curriculum of library science majors. Information technology knowledge necessary for information processing and services in the Internet era.
⑷Librarians must be lifelong learners. From time to time, librarians must undergo necessary training and improvement. Teaching technologies and resources such as MOOCs will become the main means of learning and training for librarians. Change the time for students to complete their studies from a fixed learning system to a flexible learning system, making lifelong learning the first need for librarians’ professional development.
7. The transformation of physical library buildings into learning spaces, maker spaces and citizen cultural and entertainment centers
1. With the virtualization of resources, the traditional trinity of library resources, space and services has been broken, and all types of libraries are facing the dilemma of fewer readers.
2. One of the solutions is to re-engineer the library space, which means that the traditional physical library assumes the single function of information sharing space (IC) and expands it to include learning sharing space (IC), research sharing space (RC), maker space ( MC) and other comprehensive information centers, community centers and citizen centers have become smart and active academic exchange centers, cool and smart knowledge processing centers, and innovative cultural inheritance centers. The change of library space has expanded the functions of the library and made it more diverse.
8. The direction of mainstream information technology will determine the future shape changes and development trends of libraries.
1. Establishing a digital information resource sharing platform based on cloud computing technology can provide information sharing space for libraries of all levels and types.
2. Based on big data real-time analysis, data mining and visual presentation technology, it can provide users with personalized reading files and silhouettes.
3. Intelligent library technology based on Internet of Things technology can realize building automation, intelligent environmental control, and intelligent management of library buildings and equipment.
4. Mobile libraries and portable libraries based on mobile Internet technology enable people to obtain services from libraries and related institutions through mobile terminals such as mobile phones and PDAs in places with network coverage.
5. Comprehensive portable services for library users based on artificial intelligence and deep learning. Artificial intelligence can gain insight into users' psychological characteristics and demand tendencies through data analysis and model building, predict users' needs, and provide a full range of instant and portable services.
In the foreseeable future, ubiquitous networks connect people, machines, environments and even human consciousness. Hyper-converged libraries that integrate digitization, networking, intelligence, ubiquity and visualization will Virtual space and physical space are unified into a new service form model of the library information service platform. Libraries will play their own unique role as information nodes in the new network intelligent environment.