1. Microscopic objects: various components of the library and the knowledge, information, etc. that are the objects of its work.

2. Macroscopic objects: library system, librarianship, and the relationship between libraries and the environment.

1. From the study of individual libraries to the study of group libraries, that is, librarianship;

2. From only studying the library itself to studying library-related knowledge, information and its organization and management;

3. From studying libraries and their various components in isolation to using a holistic and connected perspective to study libraries, society, and libraries from social, cultural, psychological, economic, and scientific perspectives. Relationship with culture, libraries and human information exchange;

4. From viewing the library statically to viewing the library as a "continuously developing organism";

5. From simply studying the object issues of library science to finding the theoretical basis of library science;

6. Judging from the recent development of library science, information technology has an increasingly decisive role in the development and progress of libraries. Due to the influence of library practice in the digital era, technical factors have widely penetrated and driven comprehensive changes in librarianship. Libraries Academic research is more pragmatic, and at the same time more innovative and change-oriented.

The term "library science" was first proposed by German librarian Schletinger in 1807. The introduction of this concept marked the birth of modern library science.

1. The first stage (concrete representation): It is believed that the research object of library science is the specific working technology or library management of the library.

2. The second stage (overall abstraction): treat the library as an overall system to study and examine its functions in the social environment. (Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s and ending in the 1990s)

3. The third stage (essential laws): the phenomenon of information exchange enters the theoretical research field of library science. (Beginning in the mid-20th century) With the development of information technology and automation technology with computer technology as the core and its application in libraries, technology research has become the focus, and information exchange has become the focus of library science theory.

4. The fourth stage (in-depth integration): Information resources become the object of library work and therefore the research object of library science. (Since the 1990s) Human society has entered the digital information age. Libraries have also been profoundly affected by the development of information technology and have begun revolutionary changes. Their work objects have expanded from documentary resources to information resources, and library science has also turned its attention to information. resource.

When determining research objects, attention should be paid to:

1.Connotation

2.Content

1.Connotation

2.Content

1.Connotation

2. Research objects

3. Research mode

4. Research Type

1.Connotation

2.Content

⑴Library science mainly consists of two parts: basic theory and applied technology. Basic theory is the basic driving force for the development of the discipline. The depth of basic theoretical research marks the development level of the discipline and determines the status of the discipline in the entire scientific system. It also affects the development of other theories within the discipline. Therefore, basic theory must be strengthened. Research.

⑵The main topics of basic theoretical research in library science include: library philosophy, research objects, system structure, subject nature, research methods, development trends, related disciplines, nature and functions of library science, history of ideas, etc.

⑴Library work is user-oriented. To do a good job in service, we must carefully study the theories and methods of all aspects of library work. This is a study of applied theory and applied methods.

⑵Research topics: Document information resource construction and coordination, cataloging work and bibliographic information services, information sorting work, information needs and usage characteristics of various users, document information development and utilization, document information retrieval and utilization, book reading promotion, Application of information technology in library work, etc.

⑴Library modernization is a comprehensive, multi-level, and dynamic concept. It is a continuous series of changes caused by the technological revolution. It is a synchronous transformation process at all levels including library technical means and equipment, business processes, management forms, etc. . Modern technology with computer technology, network technology, and microelectronics technology as the core has fundamentally changed the library's working model, working methods and even institutional form.

⑵Research topics: collection and utilization of digital information resources, digitization of collection documents, smart library management systems, research on new forms of libraries, mobile libraries and mobile reading, research on development trends of ubiquitous libraries, etc.

⑴Standardization and normalization of library work are a necessary prerequisite for realizing the modernization of library work, and are also an important part of realizing scientific management of libraries and improving the quality of library services. The essence of library work standardization is to formulate unified standard requirements that need to be achieved in the library field. Its purpose is to make library document information work more general, standardized and systematic, improve the service and management quality of various types of libraries, and improve technology. level and operational efficiency, and effectively promote library information exchange and resource sharing.

⑵Research topics: terminology, document description, search language, service specifications and quality evaluation standardization, digital library standards and specifications, library technology and equipment standards and specifications, education and training standards and specifications, etc.

⑴Library science education at all levels is an important means to cultivate professional talents for libraries. The quality of library employees directly affects the quality of library work. At present, our country has formed a relatively complete library science education system including undergraduate, junior college, master's and doctoral education, as well as adult education. In terms of education reform and curriculum setting, we strive to adapt to the information society and libraries. Work modernization requires quality of talents.

⑵Research topics: Research on education system, research on talent education and training models, research on educational means and methods, research on curriculum construction, research on educational history, etc.

⑴ Mainly includes research on the history of world and Chinese librarianship and the development history of library science. In particular, it is necessary to carefully sort out the history of Chinese librarianship and the development history of library science since the early 20th century, and comprehensively summarize the basic experiences and lessons. Promote the further development of my country's library industry.

⑵Research topics: experience and lessons, theoretical theories, collection and preservation of historical materials, rescue and excavation, etc.

⑴ Classification according to subject research objects. The research object of library science, that is, librarianship, is a social phenomenon unique to human beings. Library science with this as its research object still belongs to the category of social science in principle.

⑵ According to the classification of the movement forms of objective objects, before a new scientific classification theory emerges, the movement forms of libraries or librarianship can only be classified into the movement forms of society.

⑶ According to the classification of research methods, the most commonly used research methods in library science at this stage are social science research methods.

⑴ From the perspective of library science as a whole, it is composed of two parts: basic theory and applied technology. For library science, the research on library application technology should occupy a dominant position in library science.

⑵The purpose of studying basic theory is to promote the development of library work and librarianship, and it has guiding significance for the research of library application technology. At the same time, the advancement of library application technology has provided new research perspectives and research methods for the basic theories of library science.

⑶In short, library science is a highly practical subject and a practical subject, so library science has the nature of applied science.

⑴The library is an institution for social knowledge management, and knowledge management and information management are its important tasks. Using the theories and methods of management science to scientifically and effectively manage the library's document information, personnel, funds, equipment and other elements is the guarantee for the existence and development of libraries and librarianship.

⑵ Library science should study libraries, librarianship, and the management of library information resources, so library science has the nature of management science.

⑴When library science was first formed, because its research object was limited to library work and its research content focused on specific working methods, its subject nature fell within the scope of applied science in principle.

⑵ With the development of society and science and technology, library science pays more and more attention to the issues of library affairs, paying special attention to the relationship between libraries and society. Its research content also adds theoretical components, and its subject nature is oriented towards society. The categories of science are close.

⑶In the information age, the attention of library science will inevitably turn to documents, information and information exchange, etc., and it will also involve more issues in the production, storage, management, utilization and exchange of knowledge, and the methods of use will also become integrated. , so the nature of the subject will also develop in the direction of comprehensive science.

This type of discipline is closely related to library science, and most of them belong to the same department or are parallel disciplines.

1. Homogeneous relations: information science, philology, bibliography, archives, and information resource management. They are all disciplines that study work related to the management and utilization of documentary information.

2. Cross-relationship: education, sociology. This relationship is due to the different research objects, and there is some special connection between different research objects.

3. Application relationship: psychology, management, economics, information science (computer, network, communications). This relationship means that the theories and methods of one discipline are applied to another discipline, thus creating new edge disciplines and promoting the development of the applied disciplines.

These disciplines often provide ideas and methods for library science and have guiding significance. Their relationship with library science is that of mentoring and being mentored.

1.Philosophy and Library Science

2. Mathematics and Library Science

3. Systems science and library science

1. The value of philosophy to library science research

2. Ways to apply philosophy in library science

1. Logical method

1. Document classification

2. Bibliometric methods

3. Content analysis method

Since entering the information age, there has been a phenomenon of "generalization" of the concept of libraries. The "generalization" of the library concept enables the field of library science research to go beyond the boundaries of traditional libraries and expand into a broader virtual knowledge space. The working object of the library has deepened from the document unit to the knowledge content unit, and the research object of library science will inevitably develop into a socialized working mechanism or service mechanism directly related to knowledge management. On the one hand, we can absorb disciplinary nutrition and develop professional knowledge on the basis of broad practice; on the other hand, library science research results will also have a wider scope of application and greater social value.

Library science theories and methods must be closely integrated with modern information technology. Only in this way can cross-development disciplinary advantages be created, which can then be transformed into resource advantages and produce significant social and economic benefits in the virtual knowledge space.

In the era of network data and information, free and open-access digital information resources have increased significantly, and users can obtain the digital resources they need without going through libraries. Libraries are facing an existential crisis, prompting them to reflect on their own humanistic and social values. The library philosophy that has emerged in recent years strives to think deeply about the nature, purpose, value, ethics, relationship between libraries and society and other humanistic topics, to reflect on the biases in the development of libraries in the information age, and to discover the potential of libraries in the information age. The humanistic and social value of libraries provides a solid basis for the survival and development of libraries.

In the era of knowledge economy and knowledge management, traditional library science faces the challenge of knowledge management. It is necessary to strengthen the management discipline of libraries, adapt it to knowledge management theory and practice, and build a new library science discipline system oriented to the era of knowledge economy.

Innovation is the soul of scientific research, and the maturity of a discipline should be cumulative and gradual. Accumulation and innovation are complementary to each other. Without the accumulation of knowledge, there will be no foundation for innovative research; without innovation, there will be no accumulation of scientific knowledge. Library science research in the 21st century should combine cumulative research with innovative research, and not only explore new disciplinary knowledge growth points.

In the network environment, the construction of library information resources has shifted from focusing on the construction of paper document resources to focusing on the construction of digital resources. The integration of paper documents and digital resources, the long-term preservation and cooperative preservation of digital resources, and the intellectual property issues of long-term preservation of digital resources have become research hotspots.

The emergence of a large number of digital information resources has increasingly required the production and maintenance of metadata, and the provision of tools and systems for metadata retrieval. The standardization of metadata has become a key issue, and metadata of various systems are gradually moving toward unification and integration.

Related research also includes ontology-based information retrieval research. Ontology can overcome the semantic gap between computer systems and achieve dialogue, interoperation, knowledge sharing and other purposes between different subjects. Ontology information retrieval research can solve problems such as semantic retrieval, automatic indexing and semantic reasoning.

Library science research cannot ignore the theory and practice of knowledge management. Several characteristics of knowledge management, such as the emphasis on knowledge value-added and innovation, will push library science research beyond the limitations of traditional library institutions and towards a broader practical basis. At the same time, knowledge management research will also promote the correspondence between library professionals and knowledge management experts, creating greater social adaptability.

Knowledge service is a service oriented to knowledge content and solutions. It is an advanced stage of information in which the service subject refines knowledge from various explicit and implicit knowledge resources according to the needs of the service object and uses it to solve the problems of the service object. Serve. Including: problem solving, knowledge innovation, and providing personalized and professional services. In the era of knowledge economy, librarians will re-enter the public eye as information experts who provide knowledge and carry out knowledge innovation.

Mobile library is a service method that relies on relatively mature wireless mobile networks and uses mobile terminal devices such as smartphones to conveniently and flexibly provide and access library resources, reading and inquiry. It is an extension and supplement of digital library services. The main research topics include: the smooth use of library resources on mobile devices; changing the way users access, influence and contribute digital content; the construction of mobile websites and library APPs; the service model of mobile libraries, etc.

In the ubiquitous information society where information is everywhere, the ubiquity of library services has also become a trend. In this case, the existence value of physical libraries, the core concepts and standards of library architecture and space design, etc., have become hot spots in library science research. From the perspective of recent and future development trends, the architectural space design of a composite library that combines reality and virtuality should focus on building the library into: a new learning space, a creative space, a maker space, a community center, and a public library for readers and citizens. center.

Library: is the external storage and selective delivery mechanism for social memory (usually written and other forms of recorded information). In other words, the library is a memory device and diffusion device for social knowledge, information, and culture.

1. Literature information resources

2.User

3. Staff

4.Technical methods

5.Building and Equipment

The above five elements are interdependent and mutually reinforcing, and together constitute a unified library as a whole. The decisive element in this whole is the library staff.

1. Forms and characteristics of human information exchange

2. Text and documents

3. Extension of the memory function of the human brain

4. Improvement of social productivity level

To sum up, the need for human information exchange and the need to overcome the limitations of the human brain's memory function are the necessary prerequisites for the emergence of libraries; the emergence of texts and documents is the direct driving force for the emergence of libraries; the development of social productivity is Basic guarantees generated by libraries.

1. Factors affecting library development

2. Characteristics of library development (➕Specific tasks of library science research)

1. The social nature of libraries

2. The dependence of the library

3. The academic nature of the library

Intermediation is the essential attribute of libraries. It is precisely because of the existence of this essential attribute that other attributes such as sociality, dependence, and technical nature of the library are derived. Intermediality plays a decisive role in the existence of libraries.

1. The library is an intermediary institution

2. The intermediary role of the library

3. The relationship between the intermediary nature of libraries and other attributes

The production of social document information has two obvious characteristics: one is its continuity, and the other is its disordered state. The so-called continuity means that once social document information is generated, it will not stop moving and always emerge continuously. This continuous movement state of social document information is called "document information flow". The so-called disordered state refers to the disorderly and naturally arranged flow state of documents. In order to enable people to use document information reasonably, effectively and conveniently and control the trend of document information flow, it is necessary to organize the document information flow. The library's function of organizing social document information flow is mainly reflected in the following two aspects:

1. Control the flow of social document information

2. Give full play to the potential energy of literature information

1. The library delivers content information of documents

2. The library conveys information about the collection of documents

3. The library delivers network information

4. The way the library transmits document information can be divided into active transmission and passive transmission.

The library's function of delivering document information is mainly realized through the library's circulation, lending, reference and consultation service departments. Therefore, the quality of the work of these departments directly affects the performance of the library's delivery function.

Developing intellectual resources and carrying out social education is an important role of the library. The documents collected in the library are the crystallization of academic thoughts on human culture and science. It also provides rich and powerful materials for the library to engage in intellectual development and carry out social education. Base.

1. Develop intellectual resources

2. Carry out social education

Documents are an important carrier for preserving national cultural heritage. Among various institutions, only libraries are responsible for the long-term preservation of human cultural classics. Collecting and preserving human cultural heritage is the social function that libraries are responsible for to the country.

In the information society, libraries must become the storage center of human cultural heritage. The documents collected by the library include not only printed materials, but also information transmitted by various carriers. The long-term preservation of digital information is also an important responsibility of the library.

The function of preserving cultural heritage is the oldest function of libraries. To this day, the function of preserving culture remains the basis for the other functions of libraries. However, unlike the purpose of preserving cultural heritage in ancient libraries, the preservation function of modern libraries is more reflected in the use of documentary information, and the purpose of preservation is to use it. Therefore, the function of modern libraries to preserve cultural heritage is in a subordinate position among other functions of libraries.

The library is the cultural and entertainment center of the community. The literature information provided by the library includes literary works, music and art works, film and television works, game software, etc., which can meet the cultural appreciation and entertainment needs of members of the society. Libraries in the new era should use computers and the Internet to expand service areas and fully meet users' needs for leisure and entertainment.

The main characteristics of the knowledge economy era include: (1) Economic globalization has exerted strong pressure on people, organizations and even countries to increase adaptability, innovation and knowledge processing speed. ⑵The value of expertise is recognized. ⑶The value of knowledge as a unique production factor is recognized by society, and knowledge management has become an important task in society. ⑷The popularization of information technologies such as the Internet and mobile Internet has provided people with effective and convenient work and study tools. ⑸In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge and human capital are the foundation of social and economic development.

The national innovation system consists of a knowledge innovation system, a technological innovation system, a knowledge dissemination system and a knowledge application system. Its main functions are knowledge innovation, technological innovation, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application. No matter from an institutional or functional perspective, libraries are an important link in the national innovation system chain and have become an important social force in promoting the development of the knowledge economy and digital economy.

A learning society has six major characteristics: (1) Learning and education are a continuous process throughout a person's life. ⑵Learning is not limited to education in school. School education is only a part of lifelong education and learning. ⑶ Various forms of learning and education must be coordinated and integrated to meet the learning needs of different classes. ⑷The success or failure of the exam is not important. The exam only has relative significance in talent selection. ⑸A learning society emphasizes the all-round development of people and the healthy development of human personality, which is the full realization of everyone's creative potential. ⑹A learning society emphasizes lifelong education, thus making everyone more receptive to modern trends of thought.

Continuing to learn means lifelong learning. The idea of ​​lifelong education advocates that education should run through all ages of life, not just in adolescence. Education is not limited to schools, but extends to all aspects of family and society.

Libraries should become information centers for communities, schools, and institutions, reflecting local information needs, and public welfare information needs should be met.

The leading industry of the information economy is the information industry. The information industry refers to using information as a resource and based on emerging information technology, specializing in the research, development and application of information resources and information technology, production, storage, transmission and marketing of information products, and providing effective services for economic development and social progress. An industry that services comprehensive production activities.

The information industry mainly includes: information technology industry, mass media, information processing service industry, information consulting industry, other communication intermediaries, and education industry. From the perspective of the composition of the information industry, libraries are an important part of the information industry and their status is very important. The development history of librarianship in advanced countries in the world has fully proved that the library industry can make great achievements in the data service industry, consulting industry, technology market and licensing trade industry, and information processing service industry.

1. The classification and research of library types is an important aspect of library science research.

2. Studying the classification of library types will help to grasp the different characteristics of different types of libraries, so that we can scientifically formulate policies and tasks for various types of libraries from the aspects of readers' information needs, collection documents and catalog organization, and organizational management. , develop strategies to give full play to the role of various types of libraries.

3. Studying the classification of library types has important practical significance. It is conducive to comprehensive planning and overall arrangements for the development of librarianship nationwide or in a region, and promotes the balanced and coordinated development of librarianship.

4. Studying the emergence, development and particularity of different types of libraries is the basic content of specialized library science.

1.ISO 2789-1974 (E) "International Standard for Library Statistics": National libraries, libraries of institutions of higher learning, other major non-specialized libraries, school libraries, specialized libraries and public libraries.

2. Standards commonly used in my country to classify library types:

National Library: Any library, whatever its name, is responsible for the collection and custody of copies of all important publications published in the country and functions as a repository library, regardless of its name.

In the international library community, there are many types of national libraries: the public central library, the Library of Congress also serves as the national library, the university library also serves as the national library, and the scientific library also serves as the national library.

The National Library is the library that serves as the national general library and is the core of a country’s library industry. The National Library should play three main roles in the national information system: ① Provide necessary central library services; ② Lead library members in the national information system; ③ Actively participate in the national information system and formulate comprehensive development plans.

Judging from the actual situation in most countries in the world, the main functions of national libraries can be roughly summarized as follows:

(Nature: Collection center/documentation center, catalog center, information service center, collaboration and coordination center, academic research exchange center)

Public library: It is a public cultural facility that is open to the public for free and collects, organizes and preserves literature and information, provides inquiry, borrowing and related services, and carries out social education.

Mission: Public libraries are responsible for the dual tasks of serving scientific research and serving the public. They play an important role in promoting the development of the country's economy, science, culture, and education, and improving the scientific and cultural level of the entire nation. IFLA summarized the social functions of libraries in 1975 as: ①preserving human cultural heritage; ②carrying out social education; ③transmitting scientific information; ④developing intellectual resources.

(Characteristics: ① The collection of books is comprehensive and local; ② The service targets are extensive; ③ It is a regional library service center, book collection and business guidance center.)

Provincial Library: It is the backbone of my country's public libraries. It is a comprehensive library open to the public under the supervision of the cultural administrative department of the Provincial People's Government. It is the provincial library's document information, catalogue, interlibrary loan, automation Construction, center for library science research and business coaching. It is also responsible for serving scientific research and the general public, but it focuses on serving scientific research and represents the development level of a regional library.

Function: ① It is an important base serving scientific research. ② It should serve regional economic construction and provide scientific and technological information and market information for production and construction in all walks of life. ③It should be a social education center that improves the scientific level of the entire nation. ④It is the organizer of cooperation and coordination among regional libraries. ⑤ It is a promoter of library business guidance and library science research. ⑥It is the center of local literature.

Public libraries below the provincial level mainly refer to provincial municipal, prefecture, state and league libraries and county and district libraries.

Function: ① Its status and role in the public library system is between provincial libraries and county (district) libraries. It serves as a link between provincial libraries and county (district) libraries. The scope and focus of its document collection reflect the political, economic, cultural, and scientific education characteristics of the region. It is generally responsible for scientific research, technological innovation, popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, and serving the general public. ② They are the foundation of our country’s public libraries. They are numerous in number and have a wide range of contacts with the masses. They play a very important role in popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, enriching the cultural life of the masses, and meeting the reading needs of the masses.

Grassroots public libraries also include community libraries and street libraries, which are a complementary form of public libraries. It is a grassroots mass cultural institution whose main tasks are: serving residents, popularizing scientific and cultural knowledge, and enriching the cultural life of the masses.

my country's "Public Library Law" states: "Public libraries are an important part of the socialist public cultural service system and should regard promoting, guiding, and serving the reading of all people as an important task. Public libraries should adhere to the direction of advanced socialist culture, Adhere to the people-centered approach, adhere to the core socialist values ​​as the guide, inherit and develop China’s excellent traditional culture, inherit revolutionary culture, and develop advanced socialist culture.”

The library of colleges and universities is the school's literature and information center. Documentation and information work is one of the basic conditions for teaching and scientific research in colleges and universities. Strengthening the construction of libraries and reference rooms, and collecting, sorting, storing and borrowing documents and materials is an important task for colleges and universities. According to the scope of the collection of documents, it can be roughly divided into two categories: comprehensive and professional. (Higher education libraries are an important type of librarianship in my country, libraries that mainly serve students and teachers in universities and other third-level teaching units)

(2) The nature, status and role of libraries in colleges and universities

⑴Task:

⑵ Characteristics: ① The service targets are mainly teachers and students; ② The stability of readers’ needs, the concentration and stage of readers’ use of books; ③ The systematic and professional nature of document collection; ④ The level of modernization is relatively high.

Scientific and professional libraries: belong to specialized libraries. They are often information centers in professional fields at the same time, that is, libraries and information centers are integrated. This kind of specialized library is a documentary information institution that relies on specialized talents and their professional knowledge to collect, organize, preserve and provide information materials using scientific methods.

⑴ Nature: Scientific and professional libraries are institutions for exchanging scientific information and an important part of our country's library system.

⑵Task:

① Integration of document information; ② Diversification of service methods; ③ Subject professionalism of the collection of documents; ④ Service objects are mainly scientific research and engineering technical personnel of this system and unit.

Librarianship: It is the system for the common use of documents by society. Only when the quantity, quality, scale, development speed and organizational form of various libraries in society develop into a closely connected library as a whole can social librarianship be constituted. Librarianship is an indispensable undertaking in the social structure and an important part of the society's scientific, cultural and educational undertakings.

1. The construction of library services should be consistent with the development level of the national economy and science, culture and education.

2. Combination of state-run libraries and social libraries

3. Comprehensive planning, overall arrangements, division of labor and cooperation, and close contact

4. Develop library science education and strengthen library science research

1. The first stage was from 1949 to 1957, which was the stage of healthy development and steady progress of my country’s library industry.

2. The second stage from 1958 to 1962 was a stage in which the library industry was affected by the "Great Leap Forward" and blindly advanced, with ups and downs in development.

3. The third stage from 1966 to 1976 was a stage in which my country’s library industry suffered serious damage.

4. The fourth stage is from October 1976 to 1984, which is a stage in which librarianship has achieved rapid and comprehensive development.

5. The fifth stage, from 1985 to 1991, was a stage in which all types of libraries carried out comprehensive reforms and explored library operating models.

6. The sixth stage, from 1992 to present, is the stage in which the library further deepens its reform and builds a modern library.

1. The number of libraries has increased steadily and the conditions for running libraries have been significantly improved.

2. Business infrastructure construction continues to be strengthened

3. The level of reader service is gradually improved

4. Strengthen the application of modern technology in library work

5. The level of library management is improving day by day.

6. Library science education enjoys unprecedented prosperity

7. Library science research flourishes and the influence of international exchanges expands.

8. The content of the library is constantly enriched

Our country's library industry is multi-level and consists of independent library systems. Including public system libraries, scientific research system libraries, school system libraries, trade union system libraries, Communist Youth League system libraries, military system libraries, etc. The division of my country's library system is mainly based on the nature of the library's governing body. This structure in which libraries are organized into a sequence of libraries according to a leadership system is called a vertical structure. Our country's library industry basically has a vertical structure, and various types of libraries are under the leadership of the competent departments of culture and education, scientific research, trade unions, military and other systems.

1.Features

2. Question

3. Measures

Library resource sharing is not only a requirement for the development of science and culture, but also an inevitable result of the development of librarianship itself. There are two factors that cannot be ignored for the emergence of the concept of resource sharing: one is the development of scientific libraries; the other is the application of new technologies such as computer technology and network technology in library work.

1. Centralized cataloging of documents

2.Interlibrary loan

3. Cooperate to develop collections and document resource layout

4. Establish a book storage system (storage library)

5. Cooperation and sharing in library automation and document information network construction

6. Cooperation and sharing in digital library construction and library digitization work

1. Management system obstacles

2. Management of ideological barriers

3. Technical barriers

4.Business obstacles

5. Theoretical obstacles

Library cooperation: mainly refers to activities between two or more libraries to improve interlibrary collaboration, promote the use of collections, and improve user service levels.

Library Union: It is the expansion and development of library cooperation. It is a form of interlibrary collaboration, usually limited to a certain area, a certain number, some types or some professional systems of libraries. The most well-known form of library federation is the Library Consortium.

Library alliance: refers to a library consortium organized for the purpose of resource sharing and mutual benefit, and subject to mutually recognized agreements and contracts. It can be understood as interlibrary cooperation, but also as the complementary coexistence of traditional libraries and digital and virtual libraries, paper resources and electronic resources. For example, China’s higher education document security system in my country.

1.Basic tasks

2. New tasks in network environment

The CALIS project relies on the China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network to build the basic framework of China's higher education document security system, thereby promoting the rational and optimal allocation of my country's higher education resources, realizing the co-construction, common knowledge, and sharing of information resources, and deepening the effectiveness of resources. Develop and utilize to improve the level of document support for higher education and scientific research, and together with the China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network, form my country's higher education public service system, making it one of the country's important information infrastructures.

Library business coaching work: also called method research work. It refers to that within a region or a system, large libraries or central libraries provide business assistance and guidance to small and medium-sized libraries in the region and system, organize libraries to learn from each other, exchange work experience, study business issues, and more Make good use of all libraries.

1. Meaning

2. Task

Organizational form: ① System-based tutoring, division of labor according to majors; ② Hierarchical tutoring, divided into shards; combination of specialized and sharded.

⑴The intellectual nature of business coaching activities.

⑵Practicality of business coaching activities.

⑶The pertinence of business coaching activities.

Investigation and research, written guidance and on-the-spot guidance, key counseling, on-site meetings, short-term training courses, special business lectures, answering business inquiries, etc.

With the widespread application of mobile Internet technology, exploring diversified grassroots business guidance methods is an inevitable requirement for the development of modern libraries. Business coaching personnel should follow the trend of diversifying information dissemination channels, develop ways to combine on-site business coaching with online coaching, innovate grassroots business coaching ideas, and change the traditional single model of business coaching.

Library Law: It is a special regulation on librarianship and library activities formulated or recognized by the national legislature in accordance with certain legal procedures. It is the general basis for establishing and managing libraries and formulating library administrative regulations and rules. It has the characteristics of mandatory, normative, general and stable.

Function: The main function of the library law is to ensure, supervise and regulate the development of librarianship.

Library laws in European and American countries include:

After nearly ten years of hard work, the "Public Library Law of the Republic of China" was voted and adopted at the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on November 4, 2017, and will be officially implemented on November 1, 2018.

The "Public Library Law" is my country's first library-specific law. The "Implementation of the Public Library Law" marks that China's public libraries have embarked on the track of the rule of law and reached a new level. It provides policy and legal basis for the comprehensive and systematic construction of public libraries, and the sustainable development of public libraries. provided new impetus and fundamental guarantee. Its main contents and features are:

⑴ The basic nature and functions of public libraries are defined in a legal way that reflects general international laws and has Chinese characteristics.

⑵ Strengthen the government's responsibility and fundamentally solve the problem of ensuring and sustainable development of public libraries.

⑶ Encourage and guide social forces to participate in the construction, service and management of public libraries, and promote the socialization of my country's public libraries.

⑷ Emphasis on strengthening the digitization of libraries and building modern libraries that apply new technologies.

⑸ Emphasize the normalization and standardization of library business and highlight the specialization of libraries.

⑹ Incorporate the National Library into the Public Library Law as an important part of the public library industry.

⑺ It is required to strengthen the construction of grassroots public libraries and solve the outstanding contradictions and problems of uneven development of public libraries.

⑻While protecting the rights and interests of citizens, it also stipulates the obligations of public library users.

⑴ Most of the documents related to library work that have been promulgated and implemented are administrative regulations, and there are fewer library regulations. The Public Library Law is the only statutory law in the field of libraries, but its scope of regulation only covers one type of library: public libraries.

⑵The library regulations that have been promulgated and implemented are not complete enough. Most of the current laws and regulations are formulated by the competent departments of each library system. They maintain the normal order within the system and are subject to the rights of its legislative subjects. There is a lack of provisions for participating in the overall construction of the library and information industry.

⑶The existing laws and regulations are incomplete, with only behavioral patterns and no consequence patterns, making it impossible to fulfill the authorizing and encouraging provisions in these norms, and unable to punish behavior that violates the imperative and prohibitive provisions in these norms. Lagging library legislation prevents the development of our country's library industry from being fully protected by law.

Therefore, the formulation of library laws in our country must proceed from our country's existing economic and cultural level and the actual situation of librarianship, learn as much as possible from the useful experience of foreign library legislation, and be formulated by the national legislative body in accordance with corresponding legal procedures. The final library law should be a law that reflects my country's library policies, is in line with my country's national conditions, reveals the development direction of my country's librarianship, and is mandatory and binding.

⑴Information input work: that is, the collection, arrangement and organization of documents, such as document collection, registration, classification and subject indexing, cataloging, organization and storage of documents, etc., also called document resource construction work.

⑵Information output work: that is, the use and service of documents, such as document loaning, reading, literature promotion, reading tutoring, reference consultation, literature retrieval and method guidance, network information navigation, etc., also called user service work (reader service work ).

Traditional library: acquisition and editing department, lending and reading department, reference department, document collection department, business research and guidance department, special collections department, and automation department.

In the network virtual environment, departments such as information collection department, information conversion department, data description department, digital service department, and technical support department can be organized according to tasks.

The business work of any library starts with the collection of document information. Document information collection is the basis of the entire library work.

To do a good job in document information collection, we must first determine the library's collection principles, collection scope, collection focus and procurement standards; secondly, we must understand the library's document collection situation, the general development of document construction, the types and number of copies of documents, and the types of documents. The utilization rate, etc.; in addition, you must also understand and master the nature of various types of publishing organizations, publishing plans, bookstore distribution plans, etc. On this basis, we adopt the methods of purchasing, ordering, exchanging, receiving, collecting, copying, and downloading network information to continuously replenish the collection of document information.

After the library obtains various documents through the above methods, the next step is document registration. There are two types of document registration, namely individual registration and collective registration.

1. Individual registration: Generally, it is done for each book. Each book is given a number, which serves as the property registration number for that book. For individual registration, the title, responsible person, edition, book price, source and registration number of each book must be recorded item by item in the "Book Property Registration Book". It is an important basis for checking the collection history of each book.

2. Summary login: According to the acceptance certificate of each batch of books received or the approval document of each batch of canceled books, the total number of books in each batch, the total value, the number of types of books, the number of books, etc. are logged into the "Books" Collection Book Collection Register". Through the comprehensive login, you can understand and grasp the total number of books in the library, the total value, sources and destinations, the actual number of books in the collection, and the collection status of various types of books.

The various registered documents still need to be processed and organized. The organization of documents includes classification, subject indexing, description and catalog organization.

1. Document classification

2. Topic indexing work

3. Document description

4. Cataloging of documents

5. Metadata

6. Bibliographic Framework Format (BIBFRAME)

7. Document processing

After the literature materials are collected in the library, and after registration, classification, subject indexing and description, on the one hand, various items must be organized into catalogues, and on the other hand, various documents must be organized separately.

1. Layout of collection documents

2. Document arrangement

3. Document protection

The library should register users in stages and issue loan cards in batches according to the requirements of the library's specific tasks, or according to the nature of the user's work, or according to the area of ​​residence, or according to the educational level and age. During the issuance process, the key points should be ensured so that the library's main service targets have priority in obtaining the right to borrow, and at the same time, the needs of general users should be met.

The survey and research on users is mainly to understand the rules and characteristics of users' reading tendencies and demand for literature information. The purpose of this is to resolve the contradiction between the diversity of user needs and the complexity of document information content, and the contradiction between users' scattered use of documents and the library's centralized collection of documents, so as to maximize the document information that users need. .

This is an education carried out by libraries and other document information institutions to cultivate users' awareness and ability to utilize document information. Its purpose is to help users understand document information knowledge, the contents of library collections and library services, and master methods of document retrieval and utilization. , increase users’ information awareness of using literature information to solve practical problems.

Circulation promotion work is to solve or adjust the contradiction between limited collections and unlimited demand. The circulation promotion of documents includes various methods such as loan, reading, copying, interlibrary loan, and out-of-library circulation.

The purpose of publicity and counseling work is to reveal the collection to users, allow users to make better use of the collection, improve the document utilization rate, and reduce the document rejection rate. Common ways to promote literature include new book announcements, book exhibitions, report meetings, book review activities, etc. Reading tutoring includes two aspects: tutoring on reading content and tutoring on reading methods.

Reference consulting work includes bibliographic work and consulting work. The bibliographic work is mainly based on the user's study and scientific research topics, collecting and compiling various informative and thematic bibliographies, indexes, abstracts and other tools for users' reference; the consulting work is mainly to answer the questions raised by the users orally or in writing.

The purpose of carrying out literature retrieval work is to provide users with the literature information they need in a broad, fast, precise and accurate manner, so as to save users' time and energy in searching for literature information. Literature retrieval work includes two parts. One is the establishment of a retrieval system and the organization and accumulation of retrieval tools; the other is based on the needs of specific topics, using search tools such as bibliographies, indexes, and abstracts to find literature materials related to the topic.

Libraries should not only provide services to users by using the documents in their collections, but also enable users to obtain online information through the Internet. Libraries should try to provide users with a network information navigation system, collect the URLs of commonly used databases or online materials on related topics, or help users query network resources and provide various consulting services.

1. The concept of library special collections

2. Characteristics of library special collections

1. Library’s special collections

2. Principles for the construction of library characteristic collections

1. Introduce the IC concept into special collection services to improve library service performance.

2. Apply new technological methods in special collection services to improve user experience.

3. Deepen the online digital services of featured collections and improve the accessibility of resources.

4. Develop content-based special collection services and improve the availability of special collection resources.

Extended services outside the library can be divided into two types: outside services within the institution and outside services outside the institution: outside services within the institution refer to information provided for various departments and staff of the parent institution to which the library is affiliated. Service can also be called "participatory information service". Off-library services outside the institution are information services provided to those institutions that do not have libraries but need library information services. They generally use librarians' traveling services, which can be called "roving information services."

Use the Internet to improve the interlibrary loan operation process. Users can obtain information such as documents and their collection addresses online, and can submit borrowing applications to the local library through e-mail, and the local library will complete the paper books or photocopying on their behalf. The mutual loan of documents is now often also called the original text delivery service.

The development of the Internet has promoted the widespread development of the online service industry. Not only has the number of network service providers increased rapidly, but also the information resources available online are increasing day by day, creating good conditions for libraries to carry out online information services.

Utilize the intuitive and highly interactive characteristics of multimedia technology to produce multimedia user education courseware and carry out vivid library user education. It can not only provide relevant knowledge, but also provide a simulated library environment to facilitate user practice. Interactive multimedia user education can assist in user education work such as library visits, individual guidance of users, compilation and revision of brochures, etc., thereby greatly reducing the workload of librarians.

In the modern information technology environment, public libraries and university libraries play a more important role in the learning process of students and residents. The main methods of library learning services include campus learning services, learning space services, distance education services and lifelong education services.

Reading promotion, also known as reading promotion, is an activity carried out by libraries and other institutions and individuals to cultivate people's reading interest and reading habits, and improve people's reading quality, reading ability and reading effect.

In the Internet network environment, reading promotion methods include: ⑴ information interaction and push system; ⑵ library task system; ⑶ book review system; ⑷ shared reading community; ⑸ intelligent push.

It is a new type of network information content and technical services carried out by libraries, such as online resource development and utilization, information Internet services, online education services, multimedia resource services, library 2.0 services based on web2.0 technology, etc.

Personalized customization service: It is a technology that develops special user interfaces according to user requirements. It is a tool for users to personally collect and organize digital resources. This tool allows you to organize the resources you need in your own dedicated, personalized interface.

Open Access (OA): refers to a document that is freely available in the Internet public domain, allowing any user to read, download, copy, transmit, print, search, hyperlink to the document, index it, and use it as software input data or any other lawful purpose.

In urban streets with relatively dense population and relatively developed economy, we draw lessons from the distribution characteristics of bank branches and set up 24-hour self-service libraries to achieve all-weather unattended intelligent management.

Contents of free library services: ⑴ basic services should be provided free of charge; ⑵ auxiliary services should not be charged; ⑶ public space facilities and venues should be fully open; ⑷ charges for non-basic services should be reasonable.

In addition to providing basic services such as borrowing and borrowing, libraries can also provide value-added services such as scientific and technological inquiry, search and indexing, and document delivery.

Library automation: mainly refers to using computers as the main body, using communication technology and high-density storage technology to implement automatic management under program control of all aspects of library work, thereby improving the library's work efficiency and reducing the workload of staff. , accelerate the circulation rate of documents and provide more information to users.

A library automation system in a broad sense is a collection of software systems, hardware systems and networks used by libraries. A complete library automation system generally consists of three parts: library business automation, library office automation, and digital library.

Library automation includes: ⑴ Data processing automation and intelligence? ⑵Standardization of input and output; ⑶Automation of business management; ⑷Digitization of document information; ⑸Network dissemination of document information.

1. Development stage of library automation integrated management system

2. The stage when libraries provide global and integrated electronic document information services online.

3. Digital library stage

⑴ Document acquisition management subsystem; ⑵ Document cataloging management subsystem; ⑶ Circulation management subsystem; ⑷ Online bibliographic retrieval subsystem (public query); ⑸ Serial publication management subsystem; ⑹ Reference consultation subsystem.

OPAC (Online Public Catalog Retrieval System): It is a modern retrieval method that readers use computer terminals to query collection data resources based on the library's local area network. It provides readers with clues to collection documents through online searches, and allows users to search and utilize them through the network. Library collection resources provide great convenience. )

1. It is the need for the integrity of library work and the national scale of librarianship.

2. It is the need to effectively utilize information resources.

3. It is the need to realize the modernization of library work.

1. Standardization of management: standardization of rules and regulations and standardization of business technology

2. Rationalization of labor organization: achieving the best work results with the most economical manpower

3. Quantification of business work: data analysis, statistical system, statistical data

4. Staff specialization: possess basic knowledge and skills; develop in the direction of document information specialization

1. Library system (object)

2.Library Management

Library rules and regulations: refer to the work regulations, charters, rules, details and methods that library staff or users must abide by. It is the basis and criterion for the library to implement scientific and effective management, and it is the guarantee for the normal and orderly work of the entire library.

Consider four relationships: library and users, users and users, use of collection documents and preservation of documents, and the relationship between various departments within the library.

1. Administrative system

2. Business systems

1. Library statistics are a powerful tool for understanding the laws of library activities.

2. Library statistics are the objective basis for carrying out library business work.

3. Library statistics are one of the important means for scientific and effective library management.

4. Library statistics is one of the important methods of library science research.

1. Indicators of the volume of documents in the collection

2.User volume indicator

3. Borrowing volume indicator

4. Library deepens service indicators

1. Contents of library statistical analysis

2. Six ratios and their calculation methods

3. Methods and steps of library analysis

1. Evaluation of library work: In essence, it is an evaluation of the effectiveness of library work. The so-called library work efficiency refers to the comparative relationship between the labor results of library work and the occupation of funds and labor consumption.

2. The basic content of library work efficiency: In the library work process, the maximum social benefits are obtained with the least capital and labor consumption, and the information needs of social members are fully satisfied.

3. The purpose of studying the efficiency of library work: to correctly handle the relationship between capital occupation, labor consumption and final labor results, and to organically link them so that they can better serve society.

The effectiveness of library work is measured by the amount of information contained in the documents it collects, the quality of information, and the effect of information.

1. Information volume and information value

2. Information utilization rate

3. Information effect

1.The significance of library evaluation

2.Library Evaluation Criteria

3. Issues that should be paid attention to in job evaluation

Standardization of library work: It means the implementation of unified principles and standards for the technical methods and equipment of library business work.

Standardization of library work is an important basic work of modern libraries, an important part of library management, and a necessary condition for realizing library modernization.

1. Scientific principles

2. Principle of simplification

3. Principle of unity

4.Coordination principle

5. Stable inheritance principle

1. Divided by scope of use (5 types):

2. Divided by content (6 types):

1. Digitization of various traditional carrier documents

2. Data storage and management

3. Transmission and release of digital data

4. Organize effective access and information inquiries

1. Digital libraries should have independent and large-scale collections of digital information resources.

2. It should have high-speed, reliable and open network resources that can provide electronic information services to the society 24 hours a day.

3. There should be efficient and easy-to-operate search engines and browsers that can automatically perform distributed information retrieval and obtain full-text information and various hypertext information remotely through the network.

4. Have systems and capabilities for digital information resource production, storage, release, and maintenance.

1. Digitization of information resources

2. Diversified information content

3. Information transmission network

4. Popularization of digital technology

5. Multi-dimensional information disclosure

6. Knowledge organization network

7. Resource storage distribution

8. Intelligent information provision

9. Information utilization and sharing

10. Information organization virtualization

11. Decentralization of information services

12. User service personalization

China Digital Library Project, Ministry of Education’s Digital Library Research Plan, etc.

1. Insufficient understanding and backward concepts

2. Challenges from new technologies and emerging business formats

3. Insufficient training of talents in the construction team

4.Intellectual property issues

5. Lack of coordination and serious duplication of construction

1. Develop a unified and coordinated plan

2. Construction of digital information resources

3.Related technology research and development

4. Cybersecurity

5. Establish a public platform

6. Develop standardized and unified standards

7. Rights management and copyright protection issues

1. Virtual library: It is to select the subject area of ​​information resources based on specific goals, collect and collect relevant website pages, identify and verify them, and rationally organize the verified URLs so that they can be retrieved. Browse and link collections of information.

2. Essential characteristics

1. The information in the virtual library is all digital information, which is completely different from the physical carrier documents.

2. A variety of media information is stored in digital format. It is more convenient to maintain and store digital information in the network virtual space. Therefore, the library floor space and the physical storage space of information can be greatly reduced.

3. Using digital technology, readers can use Telnet to check databases, use FTP to download and retrieve information, use Email to mail online results, and can also check e-books, business information and entertainment information online.

4. The information sources of virtual libraries are not limited to library documents, but the entire society, including business information, geographical information, etc.

5. The business scope of the virtual library is larger than that of the traditional library, which is equivalent to the business scope of the traditional library and information center combined.

6. The collection, sorting, and indexing of virtual library collection information are carried out in an online and parallel manner. It can be carried out independently by the virtual library, or it can be carried out in the region, the country or even the world.

1. Virtual reality (VR): It is a three-dimensional space reproduction technology that simulates reality with computer as the core, comprehensive use of various latest technologies, and integration of vision, hearing, and touch. When applied to computer systems, a VR system is formed, that is, a virtual reality system.

2. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML:) is a file format that describes three-dimensional shapes and interactive environments. It can also be used with www to realize a virtual world formed through hyperlinks to the global Internet and www.

3. Application of virtual reality technology in libraries: design and production of electronic graphic materials; remote management and services; building a library in a virtual reality environment.

Augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR)

1. Digital document information includes electronic publications and online publications. Main features:

2. Advantages:

3. Disadvantages:

The stages include the introduction and preliminary utilization of optical discs, secondary development and utilization, self-development, and network information development and construction.

1. Organizational structure of digital document production

2. Topic selection for digital documents

3. Main types of digital document information

RSS (simple information aggregation), Blog (blog), Wiki (wiki), Instant Message (IM instant messaging), SNS (social network service), Collective Intelligence (collective intelligence), Tagging (adding tags), browser plug-ins, Greasemonkey (sliding monkey), Bookmarklet (small bookmark), Rich Web Application (rich World Wide Web application), Open Source (free open source software)

Personalized portal (channel customization), my favorites, my bookshelf, my albums, my music, my subscriptions, my friends/interest groups, reader clubs, space provision, virtual reference work, recommended books/ Recommended reading

1. Library 2.0 exists for users. Libraries should use advanced technology to actively provide "extra" services that are different from traditional services, and should not rest on their laurels just because they are not "traditional" services.

2. Library 2.0 should maintain maximum openness and neutrality. The development of any resource type, technology, or model is possible, and libraries can and should experiment without being bound by concepts or influenced by any interest groups.

3. Library 2.0 uses open resources to provide services as much as possible, including open content and open software.

4. Library 2.0 uses commercial services as much as possible.

5. Library 2.0 technology must be modular and component-based, have strong platform and device independence, comply with various protocol standards, and can be easily combined and matched.

Intellectual property rights, as a kind of property right, are certain exclusive rights granted by law to the owners of intellectual products over their intellectual achievements.

my country's "General Principles of Civil Law" regards intellectual property as an important civil right alongside ownership, creditor's rights, and personal rights. Its scope mainly includes copyright, patent rights, and trademark rights.

Database is a commonly used organization method for network information resources and an important part of digital libraries. The quantity and quality of databases are the standard for measuring the level of libraries.

Database in a narrow sense: refers to an electronic database, that is, "a combination of interconnected data organized, stored and used in a computer system according to a certain data model."

Generalized database: It is an information entity in which the creator applies certain technical means to select, modify, compile, organize, arrange existing works, work fragments, data or other materials, and express them in electronic form.

1.Copyright protection of database

2. Copyright issues of library databases

Classification of multimedia and collective management of copyright of multimedia works

Copyright issues of web pages, copyright issues of links, and copyright issues of electronic bulletins (BBS electronic bulletin board system)

Adhere to the principle that offline works follow, that is, if offline use is illegal, online use cannot be legal.

Electronic information resources can be roughly divided into two categories from the perspective of whether they are protected by copyright: one is public information; the other is information protected by copyright law.

Disseminating copyrighted works through the Internet without permission; destroying copyright management information; destroying technical protection measures; malicious use.

1. Copyright protected content

2. Technical measures for copyright protection

3. Management measures for copyright protection

1. Pay close attention to copyright legislative developments and cultivate librarians’ awareness and quality of copyright protection.

2. Collect important or typical cases related to intellectual property protection at home and abroad, especially cases related to the protection of scientific and technological achievements.

3. Analyze the copyright status of electronic information resources and make full use of public information and the principle of fair use to provide information services.

4. Educate and guide readers to comply with copyright laws.

5. Strengthen communication and collaboration with copyright owners and publishers, actively participate in legislation, and safeguard public interests.

6. Carry out copyright certification work.

Narrow sense: Blockchain technology is a chain data structure that connects data blocks in chronological order, and uses cryptography to ensure that the data is not tampered with and cannot be forged, a distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking: Blockchain technology is a distributed system that uses a blockchain data structure to save and verify data, uses a consensus mechanism to generate and modify data, ensures data access and transmission security through cryptography, and performs data operations through smart contracts. Framework and computing paradigm, the current typical application of blockchain is Bitcoin.

⑴The large amount of processed, indexed, and sorted document information resources collected by traditional libraries are not only the basis of library services, but also an important information source for new forms of libraries.

⑵The intuitiveness of traditional library information is better than that of digital libraries.

⑶The security of traditional library information is better than that of digital libraries.

⑷ Some library users have a habit of using traditional libraries for a long time, making them more dependent on traditional libraries than on digital libraries.

⑸The continuity and stability of online information resources, the main body of information in digital libraries, is lower than that of traditional documents.

⑹ Digital libraries need to pay certain fees in terms of communication fees, data usage fees and service fees, which will affect the willingness of some users to use digital libraries.

⑺Not all documents can be digitized. For example, full-text conversion of ancient books, archives, etc. will lose many of their document characteristics.

⑻ The cost of construction, use and maintenance of digital library equipment is high, and the cost of updating equipment and information resources with technological changes is also high, which also imposes certain restrictions on the transformation of libraries.

⑴ Under the premise of inter-library coordination and resource sharing, use limited funds to purchase important and applicable printed books, periodicals and other traditional documents, focus on the collection of digital documents, and do a good job in connecting traditional libraries with digital libraries .

⑵ Libraries that have the necessary conditions can convert uniquely valuable traditional documents in their collections into digital document resources, independently or in cooperation with commercial companies.

⑶Continue to carry out inter-library collaboration and strengthen the construction of national and regional digital document resource protection systems.

⑷ Use online information to build virtual collections, virtually link network information, and establish a virtual collection of the library - the in vitro library.

⑸Knowledge organization work. This includes document classification, subject indexing, cataloging, and bibliographic control. It also includes the indexing and organization of online information, network information navigation, information organization, and automatic generation of new information.

⑹ Strengthen the construction of various types of information resource databases. The main types of databases include bibliographic databases, abstract databases, index databases, fact databases, full-text databases, multimedia hybrid databases, etc.

⑺Ordering, leasing, management and services of online electronic journals and various commercial data center resources.

⑴In the future, multi-directional active information transmission services, mainly providing indexes, catalogs, and abstracts, will be expanded from users of the library to users of the whole society.

⑵ One-way active information transmission service (topic setting service) has been further enhanced due to the improvement of technical means.

⑶ The volume of multiple passive information services focusing on information accumulation and provision has increased, but users are increasingly less dependent on document carriers.

⑷One-way passive transmission with consulting services as the main feature will be realized faster and more effectively due to the support of Internet technology.

⑴Establish the concept of a big library. The scope of social library management and coordination should not be limited to various types of libraries, but attention should be paid to the cooperation and coordination of social institutions related to all information resources. Libraries can join forces with mass media, network service providers, etc. to form an information economic community and jointly undertake the functions of information production and dissemination in the network environment.

⑵ Reform the library management system. In the future, the library management system will no longer be vertical, hierarchical, and system-divided, but a networked management system; each library will establish an equal and cooperative relationship with other libraries through the network, and will work with other libraries within the system. The hierarchical relationship will weaken and become increasingly loose; the relationship between libraries is more based on the sharing of information resources rather than on the basis of administrative leadership and financial allocation.

⑶ Pay attention to the formulation and improvement of information work and information technology standards. Such as the standardization of bibliographic description format, computer document format, database format, etc.

⑷Formulation of laws and regulations related to library services. Such as the enactment of laws and regulations such as copyright protection, information user privacy and commercial privacy protection law, information security and information crime prevention law, and harmful information dissemination restriction law, as well as the formulation of library laws.

⑸The establishment of an information ethics restraint mechanism that is consistent with the information age. Such as respecting the right to freely obtain information, respecting information intellectual property rights, protecting information privacy, preventing information garbage and information pollution, not spreading bad information, etc., as well as establishing a unified code of conduct for libraries and information practitioners.

⑴In the network environment, the working links and procedures of the library will change, and the establishment of the library's functional departments will also change accordingly. To adapt to changes in tasks, libraries should reorganize institutional departments. The functions of traditional library functional departments, such as acquisition and editing, collections, and services, will be expanded. New-form libraries can be organized into information collection departments, information conversion departments, and data description departments according to tasks. Department, Digital Service Department, Technical Support Department and other departments.

⑵The library management method has changed from manual management to the use of automated and intelligent management information systems; at the same time, the management of new forms of libraries also includes the management of online information resources.

⑶ Pay attention to the connection between the physical museum and the virtual museum. In the new type of library, the virtual digital library will become a node on the global Internet, while traditional libraries characterized by traditional document collection and services will still exist for a long time. Therefore, the management model must take into account both, and pay attention to their mutual connection and substitution relationship in terms of functions and structures.

⑷The current behavioral patterns of library staff will also change. The network environment enables online collaborative shared cataloging, information indexing, information retrieval, consulting services and other tasks to be completed online and in remote locations. Therefore, some staff will implement flexible working systems and target management. They may not work in the library but work from home, and the working hours can also be chosen by the staff.

⑸ Extensive application of big data analysis technology in library management and decision-making. Use the library's user information, literature resource information, social media information, etc. to conduct data mining, data analysis, establish visual models, and discover the relationship between library services and user behavior data from decentralized, fragmented, and hidden information. And integration and optimization can provide reliable and timely data support for library decision-making.

⑴The library team structure will change. In addition to the existing administrative personnel and library professionals in traditional libraries, libraries in a network environment should also have automation equipment design and maintenance personnel, network resource construction, retrieval and network maintenance personnel, and digital information conversion personnel. And the proportion of library personnel related to network information construction, organization and services will be dominant.

⑵The knowledge structure of librarians should be adjusted in a timely manner. The knowledge mastered by librarians must change from library science knowledge in the manual stage to a new knowledge structure composed of library science knowledge, information knowledge and network knowledge in the Internet era.

⑶Major changes should occur in library science professional education. The current education system, training objectives and curriculum for cultivating library professionals should be adjusted in a timely manner to adapt to changing forms, actively explore the reform path of library science education, learn from foreign experience, and highlight the curriculum of library science majors. Information technology knowledge necessary for information processing and services in the Internet era.

⑷Librarians must be lifelong learners. From time to time, librarians must undergo necessary training and improvement. Teaching technologies and resources such as MOOCs will become the main means of learning and training for librarians. Change the time for students to complete their studies from a fixed learning system to a flexible learning system, making lifelong learning the first need for librarians’ professional development.