Broad meaning: synonymous with consciousness

Narrow sense: synonymous with rational thinking

Indirectness: It is impossible for people to directly perceive everything they want to know, and the essence and laws of things cannot be directly perceived. However, thinking can rely on the perceptual materials obtained, existing knowledge and experience, through things phenomenon, reveal the essence and laws of things, and realize the understanding of unknown things

Generality: Thinking can discard superficial and non-essential attributes from a variety of things and their various attributes, grasp the inner, common and essential attributes, and grasp the common essence of a type of things.

Initiative: Any thinking is a reflection of the object of cognition, but it is not a mechanical reflection of the object of cognition. Thinking can refine and process perceptual materials to form understanding that is different from objective reality. Correct thinking can truthfully reflect the object of cognition, while wrong thinking can distort the object of cognition. Thinking is generated in practice, develops in practice, and reacts on thinking. Correct thinking can help people achieve their desired goals in practice

From the perspective of thinking

From the perspective of thinking on cognitive objects

From the perspective of the way thinking reflects the objects of knowledge

Different basic units according to the operation of thinking

Abstract thinking: using concepts, judgments and reasoning to reflect objects of knowledge and reveal the nature and laws of things

Image thinking is based on feeling, perception and representation, using association, imagination and fantasy to reflect the objects of knowledge and touch the essence and laws of things.

Synonymous with "law"

"Logical laws and rules"

A certain "way of thinking" to understand the problem

The science of "logic"

People regard formal logic, which studies the formal structure and laws of thinking, as logic in a narrow sense.

Consider logic in a narrow sense and dialectical logic that studies the laws, rules and methods in dialectical thinking as logic in a broad sense

Formal logic is particularly concerned with problems of reasoning

Basic content: Judgment "A" formed at the same time, from the same aspect, and about the same object. If it is true, it is true; if it is false, it is false.

Requirement: In the same thinking process, each thought must maintain its own identity, and cannot confuse concepts or change the topic.

Logical errors made by violating the law of identity: "stealing a concept" or "stealing a thesis"

Basic content: The assertion "A" and its negative assertion "not A" formed at the same time, from the same aspect, and about the same object cannot be both true, and there must be one falsehood in them.

Requirement: The conclusion "A" and "not A" formed at the same time, from the same aspect, and about the same object cannot be concluded to be true.

Logical errors committed in violation of the law of contradiction: "Contradiction

Basic content: The judgments "A" and "not A" formed at the same time, from the same aspect, and about the same object cannot be both false, and one of them must be true.

Requirement: The judgments "A" and "not A" formed at the same time, from the same aspect, and about the same object cannot be concluded that neither of them is true.

Logical errors made when violating the Law of the Excluded Middle: "Two cannot be done"

Meaning: Generally refers to thinking that conforms to the laws of cognition and follows logical rules, and is thinking that can achieve correct cognition results.

Basic conditions: The content is true and the form is correct

Pursue objectivity of knowledge

The results are predictable

The results are verifiable

Helps us correct logical errors, refute sophistry, and defend the truth

Helps us grasp the essence and development laws of things

It helps us grasp new situations and solve new problems, thereby making discoveries, inventions, and creations, and improving our innovation capabilities.

It helps us clearly understand the laws and stage characteristics of social development, correctly understand the national conditions and world conditions in different social practices, accurately grasp our historical position, improve our political position, and enhance our ideological level and political consciousness.

It helps us carry forward the scientific spirit, actively participate in the extensive and profound social changes and grand and unique practical innovations in contemporary China, promote social harmony with a enterprising attitude and responsible actions, and contribute to the prosperity of the country and the rejuvenation of the nation.