Send for inspection as soon as possible after collection

Drink plenty of water

Collect enough samples at once

strenuous exercise

More solutes: proteinuria/less solvents: dehydration, high fever, profuse sweating

Less solute: uremia, chronic nephritis/more solvent: diabetes insipidus

Frequent vomiting/alkalosis

Acidosis/Diabetes

Positive protein indicates the possibility of various kidney diseases, proteinuria (AE)

Positive urine sugar is common in diabetes or nephritis, and higher than normal value is urine sugar (AE)

Ketone positivity is called ketosis

Positive urinary occult blood: The urine contains hemoglobin or myoglobin. Hemoglobinuria (AE) Positive urinary occult blood may indicate kidney disease or bacterial infection. Urinary occult blood does not mean hematuria. Pay attention to the distinction.

Bilirubin positive, decreased urobilinogen

Increased urobilinogen

Elevated urine red blood cells: urine microscopy shows more than 3 red blood cells/HP, which is called hematuria (AE)

Elevated urinary white blood cells: urine microscopic examination of white blood cells >5/HP is called microscopic pyuria

Nitrates in urine are metabolized by bacteria

Usually caused by Candida infection

Red blood cells: common in infections or during a woman’s menstrual period

White blood cells: common in bacterial infections of the urinary system and diseases of nearby organs

Bacteria: Indicates the possibility of bacterial infection of the urinary tract

Nitrite: indicates the possibility of urinary tract bacterial infection

Threads of mucus: indicating the presence of candida infection or inflammatory reaction

Indicates renal parenchymal damage

Indicates severe kidney damage

At the same time, refer to the abnormality of protein and occult blood in the chemical examination to further determine the renal function damage.

If the abnormal value is high and there are abnormalities in white blood cells or bacteria, it may be an infection, and there must be a reasonable reason to determine NCS.

If the abnormal value is low and not accompanied by other abnormalities, it is recommended that the subject be reexamined after cleaning to confirm whether there is infection or inflammation;

CTCAE clearly states that when protein 1 and 24-h urine protein are higher than the upper limit of normal, it is proteinuria (level 1), and proteinuria 2 indicates the presence of chronic kidney disease (level 1), so unexplained protein positivity is judged to be level 1. is unreasonable;

Sample collection is easily affected when the subject is menstruating. Routine will lead to an increase in urinary red blood cells; it may lead to an increase in urinary white blood cells and positive protein.

When the subject is in menstruation, other abnormalities in urine routine, such as increased mucus threads and increased bacteria, are often judged by researchers to be CS, which is related to menstruation. It is necessary to verify with the researcher whether the correlation is reasonable, whether medical history or AEs are missed, and whether retesting is needed.