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MindMap Gallery material transport across cell membranes

material transport across cell membranes

Medical Cell Biology, 6th edition, summarizes the transport of small molecules and ions across membranes, Transmembrane transport of macromolecular particles and substances, etc.

Edited at 2024-03-06 20:53:00

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material transport across cell membranes

Transport of small molecules and ions across membranes

Simple diffusion (thermal motion of small molecules)

The solute maintains a certain concentration difference on both sides of the membrane

The solute must be able to pass through the membrane

Membrane protein-mediated transport across membranes

carrier protein mediated

facilitated diffusion

Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, cell metabolism

Under the mediation of specific carrier proteins, some non-lipid-soluble (or hydrophilic) substances are transported across the membrane along the electrochemical gradient without consuming the metabolic energy of the cell.

active transport

ATP driven pump (ATP directly supplies energy)

It is a transmembrane protein that has one or more ATP binding sites on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. It can hydrolyze ATP to phosphorylate itself. It uses the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to transport the transported substance from low concentration to high concentration.

P-type ion pump (phosphorylation)

Na —K pump

During the process of transporting ions, at least one α catalytic subunit undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions, thereby changing the conformation of the pump protein and realizing ion transport across the membrane.

Ca2 pump

Hydrolyzing ATP causes conformational changes through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes, binding and releasing Ca2

V-type proton pump

F-type proton pump

ABC transporter

Coordinated transport (ATP indirect energy supply)

It is completed by the Na-K pump (or H pump) working together with the carrier protein to indirectly consume ATP.

total transportation

The transport of substances against the concentration gradient depends on the same direction as the transport of Na or H along the concentration gradient.

Opposite transport

Driven by ion concentration gradient

channel protein mediated

Ion channel transport

Ligand-gated channels

Ion channel type receptors, regulated by chemicals

voltage gated channel

Effect of membrane potential

stress-gated channel

Channel proteins sense stress

water channel transport

A channel formed by aquaporins in the cell membrane that specifically transports water molecules

mechanism

Limitation of the diameter (0.28nm) of the AQP1 central pore channel

Control of solute binding sites within the AQP1 central pore channel

Transport of macromolecular particles and substances across membranes

endocytosis

Phagocytosis

The cell membrane is dented or pseudopodia are formed to wrap large molecules or particulate matter (such as bacteria, cell debris, etc.) into the cell

pinocytosis

Cytoplasmic membrane invagination, non-specific uptake of solutes or fluids

type

liquid phase endocytosis

adsorption endocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Cells specifically take up a certain extracellular protein or compound through receptor-mediated

process

1. The formation of tegument cells and vesicles

(1) There is a quilt nest

(2) There are vesicles

(3) Clathrin

(4) Adapter protein

2. Uncoated vesicles are formed and then fuse with endosomes and then with lysosomes

exocytosis

Substances synthesized in the cell are transported to the cell membrane through membrane vesicles, and after fusion with the plasma membrane, the substances are discharged out of the cell.

type

continuous secretion

After secretory proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they are transported to the Golgi complex for modification, concentration, sorting, and loading into secretory membrane vesicles. They are then transported to the cell membrane, fuse with the plasma membrane, and discharge secretions.

regulated secretion

Regulated secretion means that cells secrete proteins after synthesis and are stored in secretory vesicles. Only when cells are stimulated by extracellular signals can they initiate the exocytosis process and release secretions (enzymes, neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, etc.) to the outside of the cell.