Records of ancient plague epidemics can be traced back to the 6th century BC, the most famous of which is the Black Death.

Modern plague epidemics are relatively rare, but they still occur.

Fleas are the intermediate hosts of the plague bacterium. They carry the plague bacterium after sucking the blood of infected rodents and then transmit the plague bacterium to humans by biting them.

Infected rats often live in the same environment as humans, so the chances of plague transmission are relatively high.

Direct transmission can occur when funeral workers and others come into contact with infected corpses, but this is relatively rare.

The symptoms of pneumonic plague include high fever, cough, chest pain and other respiratory symptoms. The disease develops rapidly and the mortality rate is high.

Symptoms of bubonic plague include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and purple spots on the skin. The mortality rate is relatively low.

The diagnosis of plague mainly relies on the patient's clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, such as culturing Y. pestis and PCR.

Early treatment of plague is very important and includes treatment with antibiotics as well as symptomatic management.

People with more severe illness may need to be hospitalized and receive supportive care.

Plague prevention mainly includes controlling the spread of fleas, such as rodent control and flea control, and strengthening personal hygiene habits.

Plague vaccination is an important means to prevent plague, especially for high-risk occupational groups.

For areas where the epidemic may occur, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring of animals, the environment and humans.

Once an epidemic is discovered, it must be reported promptly and measures must be taken to control it.

For patients, effective isolation is required to avoid the spread of plague.

Contacts and close contacts also need to be observed and quarantined to prevent spread.

The spread of plague is related to the presence of rodents and fleas, so environmental cleaning and rodent control measures are required.

Plague prevention and control requires the joint efforts of the entire society, including public education, information dissemination and community cooperation.

Taking effective social prevention and control measures can improve the effectiveness of plague prevention and control.