Feeling is an individual’s primary experience and awareness of internal and external stimuli acting on receptors. Sensation enables an individual to be aware of the presence of a stimulus and to distinguish individual attributes of the stimulus

From the perspective of information processing, feeling is the process of receiving information.

Appropriate stimulation of a certain intensity

Sound analyzer (receptors, afferent nerves, nerve centers)

Provides information about the internal and external environment

It is the basis of all higher and more complex psychological phenomena.

Ensures the information balance between the body and the environment

Various sensory nerves have their own energy and are qualitatively different from each other

Each sensory nerve can only produce one feeling, but not another.

The nature of the sense organs is different, the energy of the sensory nerves is different, and the resulting feelings are also different. Sensation is not determined by the nature of the stimulus, but by the nature of the sensory nerves

Specialization theory-different feelings are transmitted by different neurons

Pattern Theory - Coding is caused by the activation pattern of an entire group of neurons

In recent years, research has found that in different sensory systems, the nervous system uses both specific coding and pattern coding.

Frequency coding: the frequency of action potentials reflects the intensity of the stimulus

Overall coding: Neurons activated by strong stimulation are mostly due to increased action potentials

Receptivity: the ability of a sensory organ to respond to appropriate stimuli

Sensory threshold is the amount of stimulation that causes a sensation to persist for a period of time

Absolute threshold: the smallest amount of stimulus that can cause a sensation

Absolute susceptibility: the ability of the human senses to detect such weak stimuli

Difference threshold: the minimum amount of difference between stimuli that causes a differential sensation

Differential susceptibility: the ability to sense the smallest amount of difference

Law of Logarithms

power law

signal detection theory

adapt

Feeling contrast

① Mutual influence (side inhibition)

②Mutual compensation: the loss of function of a certain sensory system is compensated by the functions of other senses

③Synesthesia: one feeling causes another feeling

Thermoreceptors: Rovni corpuscles

Cold receptors: Claus corpuscles

The temperature on the skin surface is called physiological zero. Different parts of the body have different physiological zero degrees.

The feeling of joint muscles when turning a hula hoop

Caused by linear motion or rotational motion caused by acceleration or deceleration of the human body

The activity of the internal organs acts on the receptors on the walls of the organs to produce

Sound above 5000Hz—Explanation of traveling wave theory

500-5000Hz sound - explanation of traveling wave theory and neural volley theory

Sound below 500Hz - frequency theoretical explanation

100Hz → stapes 100 times → basilar membrane 100 times → hair cells discharge 100 times

Frequency theory - Rutherford (1886)

Traveling Wave Theory - von Beksey (1940s)

Neural salvo theory - Weaver (late 1940s)

Theory of Resonance Helmholtz (1863)

A sound that raises the hearing threshold due to interference from other sounds acting simultaneously

auricle

external auditory canal

three ossicles

oval window

round window

vestibular organ

Cochlea

The phenomenon that adjacent receptors can inhibit each other

a certain area or range on the retina

Relying on the activity of visual receptors and the central feedback regulation of visual receptors

A sense of sensitivity to light sources and surfaces

a visual experience

characteristic

color vision deficiency

color vision theory

color mix

Different distributions of light stimuli in space give rise to visual experiences

The hue of the contrasting object changes towards the complementary color of the background color

Mach band: On the boundary between light and dark changes, people often see a brighter light band in the bright area and a darker line in the dark area.

The result of neural network processing visual information

vision

Light adaptation—dark to light, sensitivity decreases, threshold increases, time is short (3 minutes)

Dark adaptation - light changes to dark, sensitivity increases, threshold value decreases, long time (30-40 minutes)

After the irritant stops acting on the receptor, the sensory phenomenon does not disappear and can remain for a period of time

The intermittent flash intervals increase in frequency and people see a steady continuous light

A flash of light occurs after another flash of light, affecting the perception of the previous flash.

Using masked priming can reduce the visual effect of the priming stimulus and greatly reduce the possibility that subjects will detect the relationship between the priming item and the target item.