MindMap Gallery Cell Biology-Cell Signal Transduction
This is a mind map about cell biology-cell signal transduction, including signal transduction, extracellular signals, receptors, signal transduction pathways, etc.
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This is a mind map about bacteria, and its main contents include: overview, morphology, types, structure, reproduction, distribution, application, and expansion. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
This is a mind map about plant asexual reproduction, and its main contents include: concept, spore reproduction, vegetative reproduction, tissue culture, and buds. The summary is comprehensive and meticulous, suitable as review materials.
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cell signal transduction
Signal Transduction
Bioactive substances secreted by C and capable of regulating body functions are an important class of chemical signaling molecules. By specifically binding to receptors on the C membrane or intracellular, the signal is converted and transmitted to the corresponding intracellular system, allowing Cells respond appropriately to the outside world
1. Extracellular signals
1. Hormones: synthesized from endocrine C, reach target cells through blood or lymph circulation, have long-range action, large range, and long time
2.N transmitter: synthesized from N yuan C, reaches the next NC through the synaptic cleft, and has a short action distance and time.
3. Local chemical mediator: synthesized from certain C, does not enter the blood, acts on nearby target cells mediated through extracellular fluid, and has a short action time
2. Receptor
1. Definition: A special protein that exists in the cell membrane or within the cell, specifically binds to a ligand, and then activates a series of intracellular biochemical reactions.
2. Characteristics of the interaction between receptor and ligand: specificity, saturability, high affinity, reversibility, and can be regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
3.Type
①Membrane receptors: mediate the information transmission of hydrophilic signaling molecules
(a) Ion channel type receptors: N transmitter, N-type Ach receptor
(b) G protein-coupled receptor
A type of Pr that couples to receptors and binds to guanylate GMP, consisting of three Pr subunits: α, β, and gama.
At most, the intracellular part binds to the heterotrimeric G protein and activates the G protein in the first step.
Classification: agonistic G protein (Gs), inhibitory G protein (Gi), phospholipase C-type G protein (Gp family)
M-type Ach receptor, rhodopsin receptor
(c) Receptors with enzymatic activity
A single transmembrane polypeptide chain dimerizes after receiving a ligand, initiating downstream signal transduction and mediating cell growth and differentiation.
Protein kinase: phosphotransferase, which transfers the phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid residues of the substrate and phosphorylates the substrate, tyrosine kinase (PTK), serine/threonine kinase (STK)
②Intracellular receptors: mediate signal transmission of lipophilic signaling molecules
4.Second messenger
After extracellular signals bind to receptors, the receptors are activated and produce active substances within the cells that mediate signal transduction.
①cAMP messenger system: the target molecule is protein kinase PKA
②cGMP messenger system: the target molecule is protein kinase PKG
③Diacylglycerol DAG: the target molecule is PKC
④Inositol trisphosphate IP3: The target molecule is calcium ion channel
Two second messengers derived from PIP2 hydrolysis
⑤Calcium ion system: the second messenger in plants
3. Signal transduction pathways
1.Features
The activation mechanisms of signal transduction molecules are similar: phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
The signal transduction process is a cascade reaction that proceeds in an orderly manner.
Universality, specificity, intersection
2. MAPK signal transduction pathway: regulates gene expression and participates in the regulation of important physiological processes such as C growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
3. JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway: non-receptor tyrosine kinase, factor C signaling, involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune regulation
4. Wnt signal transduction pathway: improves the stability of β-catenin protein in the cytoplasm and regulates C proliferation, differentiation, and organ development.
5. TGF-β signal transduction pathway: Transforming growth factor-β transduces extracellular signals into the nucleus through the intracellular signaling molecule Smad, regulating C growth, proliferation, differentiation, and organ development.
6. NF-kB signal transduction pathway: nuclear transcription factor, specifically binds to the promoters and enhancer sequences of various genes, regulates gene transcription and expression, and participates in immunity, inflammation, stress response, etc.
4. Exosomes
5. Cell signal transduction and medicine
1. Signal transduction abnormalities and diseases
①Receptor abnormalities: non-insulin-dependent diabetes, myasthenia gravis
②G protein abnormality: diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
③Protein kinase abnormality: Abnormal tyrosinase leads to immune insufficiency
Pathogens can cause disease by interfering with intracellular signal transduction, and certain signal transduction components are targets of tumors.
2. Signal transduction drug development
Glutinin, anti-EGFR, anti-VEGF
3. Tumor
Immortal proliferation, infiltration and diffusion, cell-cell interaction, changes in mRNA expression profile and protein activity, chromosomal aneuploidy
1. Proto-oncogene: The normal dominant gene of C. The encoded protein is necessary to maintain normal C life and regulates growth and proliferation. After mutation, it becomes a cancer-promoting gene, leading to canceration.
2. Proto-oncogene products: growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction components, cell cycle proteins, apoptosis regulatory proteins, transcription factors
3. Tumor suppressor genes: invisible genes that inhibit excessive cell growth and proliferation, thus curbing tumor formation.
4. Tumor suppressor gene products: transcription regulators (Rb, P53), negative regulatory transcription factors, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, signaling pathway inhibitors, DNA repair factors