latitude, longitude

equator, prime meridian

time zones (Beijing time: East Eighth District)

district-column system

Advantages: display spatial location and effectively depict geographical information

Disadvantages: Cannot compare and measure size, position, shape, etc. on one picture at the same time

Lines of latitude are parallel to each other

Lines of latitude are equidistant

Meridians converge at the pole

Meridians and latitudes intersect perpendicularly

Area: equal-area map

Shape: conformal map (Mercator map)

Distance: Isometric Map

Direction:azimuthal map

upper mantle

crust

Magma cools and solidifies to form

pyroclastic rock, obsidian, basalt

Features: columnar joints (basalt), rope-like basalt landforms

lithification

Features: parallel bedding (water), crossing bedding (wave, current, wind)

plastic sedimentary rock

organic sedimentary rock

chemical sedimentary rock:halite

Solid original rock is a rock formed by changes in mineral composition and chemical structure due to temperature, pressure, etc.

Typical examples: slate (metamorphosed from shale), marble (metamorphosed from limestone), quartz

Features: Harder than ordinary rock mass

Reverse fault (squeezing geotectonic force): hanging wall up, footwall down

folding

normal fault (tensional tectonic force): footwall up, hanging wall down

horst and graben (normal fault)

Inclined fault block (such as: Zhangye Danxia landform)

Direction description: Left or right rotation

Divergent plate boundary

convergent plate boundary

literal sliding plate boundary (between the Pacific plate and the North American plate)

temperature

condensation Nuclei

radiation fog (ground cold at night, air cooled, disappear during sunrise)

upslope fog (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau)

advection fog (in the sea during the day, at the beach at night)

Classification

moist air

condensation Nuclei

mechanism of uplift

convectional precipitation (humid equatorial and tropical areas)

cyclonic precipitation

orographic precipitation (climbing, cooling, rain)

frontal precipitation (warm air meets cold air)

land sea breeze (sea breeze during the day, land breeze at night)

mountain valley breeze (valley breeze during the day, mountain breeze at night)

foehn winds

glaciers 2.24%

shallow groundwater 0.306%

deep groundwater 0.306%

freshwater

tides (Earth and Moon effects)

tsunamis (tectonic movement in water, etc.)

wind waves（air currents）

deep water: depth>=wavelength/2

shallow water: d<l/2, L↓, H↑

surface runoff

The energy of river runoff

Upstream landform (steep gradient)

Moderate gradient

Downstream landform (minimal gradient)

sea ​​cliff

sea ​​cave (sea cliff caved)

sea ​​arches (two caves meet)

sea ​​stack(arches collapse)

abrasion platform (wave-cut)

marine terraces

spit (connected to the mainland at just one end, the extension direction is related to the coastal sediment flow)

tombolo (connect mainland and island)

barrier beaches (connect two mainlands)

lagoon

baymouth barrier (connect with the mainland at both ends)

zone of aeration: air and water

zone of water table fluctuation

zone of saturation:full with water

Formed by the dissolution of calcium carbonate by surface water or groundwater

Groundwater effects: carbonation, solution, deposition (limestone)

Occurrence conditions

Characteristic landforms

plucking: Moving glaciers pull loose frozen rocks into the ice flow and carry them away

abration: ice flow carries rock fragments and grinds them against bedrock

Sheep's Back Stone: Abrasive on the facing ice surface and pulled out on the back surface

cirque (hemispheric depression, the cliff wall becomes steeper due to ablation, the depression becomes deeper due to abrasion, and moraine accumulates at the outlet)

tarn: a lake formed on the basis of a cirque, such as: Taibai Lake in Taibai Mountain

arete: two adjacent cirques expand

horn: three or more cirques meet at the top of the mountain (tracing erosion)

U-shaped glacial trough

hanging valleys: hanging valleys formed by shallow erosion by glacial tributaries

Lateral moraine: When glaciers move, debris accumulates, such as parallel ridges.

medial moraine: deposited by two moving glaciers

end moraine: an arc-shaped dike formed by the accumulation of material transported upstream from the ice to the end of the glacier

unloading: unloading rocks along joints parallel to the rock surface (granite, Parallel unloading joints)

thermal expansion and contraction: granular disintegration (intrusive magmatic rock)

freeze-thaw weathering: mid-latitudes and high altitudes, high latitudes and low altitudes, ice splitting→disintegration→rock slopes

Salt crystal growth: The growth of salt crystals in rocks with gaps splits the rock, and then evaporates to form a large number of pits.

Hydration: The process of hydration and dehydration of ore by water molecules

solution: generally occurs in rocks with high solubility, such as: halite

oxidation: the reaction that has occurred in ores containing aluminum and iron

carbonation: humid, rainy areas, limestone

acidation: such as the effect of organic acids produced by some plants on rocks

hydrolysis

fast block movement

slow block motion

wind erosion

Sand transport effect

Aeolian action

erosional landforms

accumulation landform

Four main elements: O, Si, Al, Fe

gravitational water (rainfall, surface runoff infiltration) zone of aeration

capillary water (surface tension, acting from bottom to top, direction: where there is sufficient water to where there is less water) zone of saturation

hygroscopic water (electrostatic force)

red: rusting process (Fe)

blue/silver/gray:restore process

white:CaCO3/salts

black: rich in organic matter

sandy soil (0.05～2mm, gritty)

Silty soil (0.002～0.05mm, smooth)

clayey soil (0～0.002mm, sticky)

Flake: horizontal axis > vertical axis, parent material or external force compaction, poor permeability, slow drainage

Prismatic: vertical axis > horizontal axis, saline soil in arid areas, lack of organic matter

Blocky shape: vertical axis = horizontal axis, poor cultivability, average permeability and drainage

Granular form: yyds, ant eggs