About 18 times/min for an 8-year-old child

1 year old: 25 times/min

Newborn 40 times/min

Invasive arterial pressure monitoring

Midline venous pressure (CVP) monitoring

Position the patient: For subclavian vein puncture, try to take the supine position with the head lowered 15°.

Zero adjustment of pressure gauge: set the pressure sensor position (zero position)

Jaundice (the main manifestation of liver dysfunction)

Ascites (the most significant clinical manifestation of liver decompensation)

Mental status and consciousness monitoring

Serum enzymology monitoring

Serum bilirubin monitoring (metabolic function)

Blood ammonia monitoring (hepatic encephalopathy)

Coagulation function monitoring

Serum protein monitoring (liver synthetic function)

Feeding intolerance syndrome (feeding intolerance, FI)

Monitor every four hours

Normal person: 0~5mmHg

Recommended labeling method for monitoring IAP: transvesical measurement technique

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH)

abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS)

IAH and ACS are associated with severe morbidity and mortality,

Whole blood creatinine is normal: 88.4~176.8mmol/L

SCr concentration ð Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ¯

Normal: 3.2~7.1mmol/L

The degree of increase in BUN is directly proportional to the degree of renal function damage and is helpful in diagnosing renal insufficiency.

Important indicators reflecting glomerular filtration function

Normal for adults: 80~120ml/min

When it drops below 80% of the normal value, glomerular function decreases

Normal urine specific gravity: 1.010~1.025

High specific gravity urine: >1.025

Low specific gravity urine: <1.010

Normal: 600~1000mOsm/L

Plasma osmotic pressure is normal: 280~310mOsm/L

Urine/blood osmolality ratio: 2.5±0.8

It is recommended by consensus from many experts at home and abroad as a tool to evaluate the sedation effect of critically ill patients.

The most widely used sedation scoring scale currently

1 (uneasy and anxious) ~-2 (mild sedation)