MindMap Gallery Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration
An article about Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration Section 1 Pulmonary Ventilation, including the principles of pulmonary ventilation, evaluation of pulmonary ventilation function, etc. Friends in need hurry up and collect it!
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Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration
First session of lung ventilation
Introduction
The whole process of breathing
external breathing
pulmonary ventilation
lung ventilation
gas transportation
internal breathing
tissue ventilation
Oxidative metabolism in tissue cells
Process - external environment Û alveoli Û blood Û blood Û tissue Û cells
Principles of pulmonary ventilation
The power of pulmonary ventilation
direct power
The difference between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure
driving force
Rhythmic expansion or contraction of the thorax caused by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
respiratory movements
definition
Rhythmic expansion and contraction of the thorax caused by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
Related respiratory muscles
inspiratory muscles
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
expiratory muscles
abdominal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
accessory inspiratory muscles
scalene muscle
sternocleidomastoid muscle
process
calm breathing
Inhale
Active process, inspiratory muscle contraction
exhale
Passive process, caused by stretching of inspiratory muscles
Breathe hard
Inhale
Active process, contraction of inspiratory muscles and accessory inspiratory muscles
exhale
Active process, inspiratory muscles contract and expiratory muscles relax
form
abdominal breathing
Mainly diaphragm relaxation and contraction activity, with obvious undulations of the abdomen
chest breathing
Mainly relax and contract activities of the external intercostal muscles, and the chest rises and falls significantly
Thoracic and abdominal mixed breathing
normal adult
intrapulmonary pressure
definition
Refers to the pressure of gas in the alveoli, which changes periodically during breathing
changes with breathing
Early inhalation
Intrapulmonary pressure <atmospheric pressure
End of inspiration
Intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure
Early exhalation
Intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure
End of expiration
Intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure
Variety
During inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure first decreases and then increases until it is equal to atmospheric pressure.
During expiration, intrapulmonary pressure first increases and then decreases, finally reaching atmospheric pressure.
Intrapleural pressure (intrathoracic pressure)
changes with breathing
During calm breathing, the pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure (negative pressure)
When breathing hard, the pressure will increase significantly. When exhaling hard with the glottis closed, the pressure can be higher than the atmospheric pressure.
Development of negative pleural pressure
Prerequisites
The pleural cavity is closed and contains a small amount of serous fluid
main reason
pulmonary reflux pressure
Determine the amount of intrathoracic pressure
At end-inspiration and end-expiration, intrathoracic pressure equals pulmonary retraction pressure
changes with breathing
Inspiratory, pulmonary retraction pressure, negative intrathoracic pressure
expiration, pulmonary retraction pressure, negative intrathoracic pressure
The significance of maintaining negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Expand the lungs so that they can expand and contract with the expansion and contraction of the thorax
Acts on the vena cava and thoracic duct in the chest to expand them, which is beneficial to the return of venous blood and lymph fluid
The whole process of breathing
Inhale® Inspiratory muscle contraction® Thoracic expansion® Lung expansion Intrapulmonary pressure < atmospheric pressure® Exhalation® Inspiratory muscle relaxation® Thoracic contraction® Lung contraction® Intrapulmonary pressure > Atmospheric pressure
resistance to pulmonary ventilation
Elastic resistance (mainly, static resistance, accounting for 70%)
lung elastic resistance
Metrics
Compliance
definition
The ease with which elastic tissue deforms under the action of external forces
The size of elastic resistance can be measured by the level of compliance
Numerically, it is the reciprocal of elastic resistance. Compliance (C) = DV/DP
Influencing factors
total lung capacity
definition
Refers to the maximum amount of gas that the lungs can hold
Large total lung capacity and large lung compliance
Compliance
Lung compliance divided by total lung capacity (lung compliance during quiet breathing/functional residual capacity) gives specific compliance
To compare the lung elastic resistance of individuals with different total lung volumes
source
Lung elastic recoil
The elastic component of the lungs, elastic fibers and collagen fibers
Alveolar surface tension (main, 2/3)
The force originating from the liquid-air interface on the inner surface of the alveoli that reduces the surface area of the liquid
The direction of the resultant force points to the center of the alveoli, causing the alveoli to shrink.
It is the resistance of inhalation and the power of exhalation.
pulmonary surfactant
source
Synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II epithelial cells
Element
A mixture of lipids and proteins, the main component is dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPPC)
main effect
Reduce alveolar surface tension and reduce alveolar retraction
physiological significance
Reduce inspiratory resistance and reduce inspiratory work
Maintain the stability of alveoli of different sizes
Prevent pulmonary edema
Pathological manifestations
When surfactant is lacking, inspiratory resistance increases, leading to atelectasis and pulmonary edema.
premature baby
respiratory distress syndrome
adult
pneumonia, pulmonary thrombosis
There is always resistance to inhalation
Thoracic elastic resistance
source
The elastic component of the ribcage
When the thorax is in its natural position (quiet end of inspiration), the lung capacity is approximately 67% of the total lung capacity.
When the thorax is smaller than its natural position (at the end of calm expiration and deep exhalation), the elastic resistance is outward, which is the driving force for inhalation and the resistance for exhalation.
When the chest is larger than the natural one (deep inhalation), the elastic resistance is inward, which is the resistance of inhalation and the power of exhalation.
The elastic resistance of the thorax can be either the resistance of inhalation or exhalation or the power, which is determined by the position of the thorax.
The total elastic resistance is equal to the sum of the two elastic resistances During quiet breathing, the total compliance of the lungs and thorax is 0.1/cmH2O
Inelastic resistance (dynamic resistance)
Airway resistance (major)
Influencing factors
Air velocity
Fast speed, big resistance
Airflow pattern
Low laminar flow resistance
High turbulence resistance
Airway caliber (main)
Inversely proportional to the fourth power of the airway radius
Influencing factors
transmural pressure
The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the respiratory tract, inspiratory transmural pressure > expiratory
The traction force of the lung parenchyma on the airway wall
Inhale, pull outward, the diameter is large
Exhale, inward, small diameter
Regulation of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic nerve→ACh→M receptor→airway smooth muscle contraction→smaller caliber→airway resistance↑
Sympathetic nerve→NE→β2 receptor→Airway smooth muscle relaxation→Caliber change→Airway resistance↓
Coexisting transmitters released from autonomic nerve terminals
Vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, tachykinin
The influence of chemical factors
diastole
Catecholamines, PGE2
Request
PGF2α, histamine, leukotrienes, increased inhaled CO2, endothelin
The first three all undergo periodic changes with the respiratory process.
Inhale
Increased pleural negative pressure → increased transmural pressure The traction force of the lung parenchyma on small airways increases → the airway diameter increases sympathetic excitement
exhale
Transmural pressure decreases Reduced traction parasympathetic excitement
inertial resistance
tissue viscous resistance
Evaluation of pulmonary ventilation function
Classification of hypoventilation
restrictive hypoventilation
obstructive hypoventilation
lung volume and lung volume
lung volume
tidal volume
Supplementary inspiratory volume
Supplementary expiratory volume
Remaining air volume
They do not overlap each other, and when added together they equal the total lung capacity.
Lung capacity
The combined gas volume of two or more items in lung volume
include
deep inspiratory volume
Tidal volume supplementary inspiratory volume
One of the indicators of maximum ventilation potential
functional residual capacity
residual volume, supplementary expiratory volume
Increased functional residual capacity in patients with emphysema Pulmonary parenchymal lesions reduce functional residual capacity
physiological significance
Changes in alveolar O2 partial pressure and CO2 partial pressure during buffered breathing
vital capacity
Tidal volume Supplementary inspiratory volume Supplementary expiratory volume
Vital capacity is a commonly used indicator of lung function measurement, reflecting the maximum capacity of the lungs for primary ventilation.
In order to fully reflect the elasticity state of lung tissue and the degree of air ventilation
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
After one maximum inhalation, try to exhale the maximum amount of air as quickly as possible
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
After one maximum inhalation, try to exhale the amount of gas as quickly as possible within a certain period of time
FEV1/FVC
significance
It has the greatest application value and is the most commonly used indicator for clinically identifying obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive pulmonary disease.
In patients with obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma, FEV1/FVC becomes smaller
In patients with restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, FEV1/FVC remains unchanged.
total lung capacity
vital capacity remaining air volume
Reduced total lung capacity during restrictive hypoventilation
Pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
The total amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute, the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate
maximum voluntary ventilation
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled per minute while trying to breathe deeply and quickly
It reflects the ventilation volume that can be achieved by fully exerting all ventilation capabilities per unit time. It is one of the physiological indicators that estimates the maximum amount of exercise the body can perform.
Factors such as reduced lung or thoracic compliance, weakened respiratory muscle contraction, or increased airway resistance can reduce maximum voluntary ventilation.
alveolar ventilation
Physiological dead space = anatomical dead space Alveolar dead space
Refers to the amount of fresh air inhaled into the alveoli per minute, equal to (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
Within a certain respiratory frequency range, deep and slow breathing can increase alveolar ventilation, result in a higher gas renewal rate, and more effective breathing compared with shallow and fast breathing rates.
Maximum expiratory flow rate-volume curve
airway response measurement
Breathing work