Injections refer to sterile preparations that are solutions, emulsions or suspensions made of drugs and suitable solvents or dispersion media for injection into the human body, and powders or concentrated solutions that are prepared or diluted into solutions or suspensions before clinical use. .

Intravenous injection iv, intramuscular injection im, subcutaneous injection sc, intradermal injection id, spinal canal injection ip, other routes (acupoints, abdominal cavity, joint cavity, etc.)

advantage

shortcoming

definition

Features

definition

When two or more drugs are mixed or made into preparations, in vitro interactions occur, resulting in physical and chemical reactions such as neutralization, hydrolysis, and destruction of the drugs, and abnormal appearance such as turbidity, precipitation, gas generation, and discoloration may occur.

Physical properties: separation, precipitation, deliquescence, liquefaction

Chemical properties: discoloration, gas production, precipitation, hydrolysis, combustion or explosion

Pharmacology: The pharmacological effect reduces or offsets the efficacy of the drug, or even disappears.

General principles, compatibility precautions, operating principles

The basic principle

pH, solvent changes, inorganic ions are prone to insoluble precipitation, saturated solutions avoid crystallization, and oxygen reduction reactions

Patients have dysphagia or/and obvious absorption disorders (such as vomiting, severe diarrhea, gastrointestinal lesions) or potential absorption disorders.

Oral administration of drugs that significantly reduces bioavailability.

There is no suitable oral dosage form of the drug.

Situations in which high tissue drug concentrations are required and high concentrations cannot be easily achieved by oral administration.

The disease is serious and progresses rapidly, requiring emergency treatment.

Patients with poor compliance with oral therapy.

0.9% sodium chloride injection (NS): neutral solvent

5% or 10% glucose injection (GS): acidic vehicle

5% glucose injection pH 3.2-6.5

5% Glucose Sodium Chloride Injection pH 3.5-5.5

0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection pH 4.5-7.0

Dilute with 10% glucose injection and inject slowly, no more than 5ml per minute.

A general term for adverse reactions caused by infusion or related to infusion, which are caused by factors such as pyrogens, drugs, impurities, too low temperature of the liquid, too high concentration of the liquid, too fast infusion speed, etc. during intravenous infusion. (Divided into local and systemic reactions)

Chills, shivering, cyanosis of the face and limbs, followed by fever, body temperature can reach 41-42°C, which may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, delirium and irritability, etc.

(1) Drugs

(2) Quality of infusion equipment: unqualified leading to pyrogen contamination

(3) Infusion speed: Containing K, Ca, and Mg ions should not be too fast

(4) Infusion environment: microbial contamination in summer

(5) Patient factors: disease, age, individual differences