mild potassium deficiency

Moderate potassium deficiency

severe potassium deficiency

Long-term fasting, partial eclipse, anorexia, daily potassium intake <3g, lasting for more than 2 weeks

Extracellular potassium is transferred into cells, total potassium in the body is normal, intracellular potassium increases, and serum potassium decreases

1. Recovery period from metabolic or respiratory alkalosis or acidosis. 2. Use a large amount of glucose solution, especially when insulin is used at the same time. 3. Periodic paralysis, such as Graves' disease. 4. Acute stress state. 5. Cottonseed oil or barium chloride poisoning. 6. Use folic acid and vitamin B12 to treat anemia. 7. Repeated infusion of cold-stored washed red blood cells. 8. Hypothermia therapy.

Gastrointestinal potassium loss

renal potassium loss

Potassium loss due to other causes

Generally, when the serum potassium is less than 3.0mmol/L, the patient will feel tired, weak, and weak; when it is less than 2.5mmol/L, the patient will have generalized muscle weakness and paralysis of the limbs. Tendon reflexes weaken or disappear, and even the diaphragm and ventilator are paralyzed, causing difficulty in breathing, exophthalmos, and in severe cases, suffocation. May be accompanied by sensory disturbances such as numbness and pain. Elderly patients are accompanied by myofiber dislysis, necrosis, atrophy, etc.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, constipation, weakened or absent intestinal motility, intestinal paralysis, etc.

Listlessness, unresponsiveness, disorientation, drowsiness or coma

Early myocardial stress is enhanced, tachycardia may occur, and premature atrial and ventricular contractions may occur. In severe cases, hypokalemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial necrosis, and fibrosis may occur.

electrocardiogram

Long-term or severe potassium loss can cause degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, decreased urine concentration function, increased thirst, polydipsia, and nocturia, which may lead to potassium-losing nephropathy, proteinuria, casts, etc.

Metabolic alkalosis, intracellular acidosis, and paradoxical aciduria

mechanism

Potassium supplement estimate

Types of potassium supplements

Potassium supplement method

If the urine output is >700ml/d or >30ml/h, potassium supplementation is safe.