1. Ridicule: Continuously ask questions about the other party's speech, forcing the other party to contradict themselves, have no words to reply, and admit their ignorance.

2. Induction: the negation of specific opinions, leading to general, true knowledge

3. Induction: Help the other party express their thoughts through induction, metaphor, etc.

4 Definition: to arrive at an answer that he believes to be the correct answer and to arrive at a universal truth

question and answer format

Inspiration leads to natural conclusions

Proposed methods for people to acquire knowledge

Students must have the desire and enthusiasm to learn

Have a certain understanding of the issues discussed

Have certain knowledge base and ability

No answer has been given to "Where does human knowledge come from?"

Conditions: leisure and pursuit of knowledge, freedom

Purpose: Man as his own master

Subjects: Free subjects as the main content, content with practical purposes and beyond practical purposes

Function: To achieve the best state of happiness in life

It is human nature to seek knowledge

Freedom is the greatest effect of free education

Body, freedom of thought; hedonic life, political life, speculative life

Based on materialist sensory theory, it exaggerates the significance and role of intuition and fails to recognize perceptibility. Perception is the primary stage of knowledge. Only people who rise from perceptibility to rationality can understand the essence of things.

Require

Starting from materialistic sensory theory, obtaining intuitive experience

Use real objects, pictures, and models directly in front of students' eyes

What you learn first must become the basis for what you learn later. Follow the rules from simple to complex to easy, difficult from unknown to known, etc.

Abolish the method of forced indoctrination in schools and mobilize children's consciousness and enthusiasm for learning.

Understand knowledge and consolidate knowledge through review and practice

It is human beings’ understanding of education, respect for natural laws, and understanding and analysis of objective things.

The core of elemental education

The purpose of intellectual education is to impart knowledge to students while developing their thinking, research and judgment abilities.

The healthy growth of children's bodies provides a material foundation for the cultivation of healthy emotions, knowledge mastery and intellectual development.

There is an inherent connection between morality and knowledge. Moral awareness and behavior are based on moral understanding.

Education is accomplished through teaching as a means in the teaching process, and teaching is the basic way to achieve moral education.

Teacher teaching should not be limited to imparting knowledge and skills training, but should also focus on the cultivation of students’ character.

Methods for judging the rationality of a subject

Criticizing traditional classical education: curriculum decoration comes before practicality

For the first time, the "education preparation theory" was clearly put forward: how to live a perfect life is a major issue that should be taught in education, and learning subjects is the best preparation for a perfect life.

It is proposed that scientific knowledge is the most valuable: solving the problem of the comparative value of knowledge. Regarding direct self-preservation > Knowledge about obtaining daily necessities and supporting oneself > Knowledge about what is needed for family members > Knowledge about family happiness > Knowledge about social welfare > Knowledge about cultivating various artistic hobbies

Advocates the formulation of a curriculum system with scientific knowledge as the core: education to prepare for direct preservation of one's own → education to prepare for indirect preservation of one's own education → education to prepare for parenthood → education to prepare for citizenship → education for preparation for various cultural activities in life

Emphasize that the nature of education is anti-authoritarian

The educational process has no purpose outside itself; it is its own purpose

The process of education is a process of continuous reorganization, transformation and transformation.

Cultivate modern people who regard democracy as their way of life: every individual person is the purpose

Education must promote the continuous improvement of democratic society

The tension between the social and national purposes of education

"Encyclopedia" "On whether the renaissance of science and art contributes to the enlightenment of customs" "On the Origin and Basis of Human Inequality" "On the Social Contract"

"Emile": the most complete and systematic educational treatise in the West after "Utopia", which proposes returning to nature and developing one's nature

nature theory

Sensationism

The meaning of naturalistic educational thought

Training goal: "Natural person" - a person who has the ability to make flexible adjustments according to the needs of social life, can quickly master the required professional skills, and is engaged in a variety of occupations

The fundamental principle of naturalistic education: “return to nature”

Implementation of naturalistic education