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antigen

Mind map of antigens. Antigens refer to the highly specificity of antigens that selectively stimulate adaptive immune cells to produce immune responses and their interaction with immune response products.

Edited at 2023-10-17 20:58:02

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immune organs and tissues
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antigen

Basic features

Immunogenicity

immunoreactivity

Complete antigen: a substance that is both immunogenic and immunoreactive Such as animal serum and pathogenic microorganisms (most of them in nature)

Hapten (incomplete antigen): a substance that is only immunoreactive but not immunogenic Simple small molecule substances such as certain polysaccharides and drugs

When hapten acts on the body alone, it has no immunity. When combined with carriers such as macromolecular proteins in the body, Can acquire immunogenicity and become a complete antigen

Antigen specificity

🈯️Antigen selectively stimulates adaptive immune cells to produce immune responses and their Highly specific interaction with immune response products

Antigenic determinants are also called antigenic epitopes

Antigenic epitope

Classification of antigenic epitopes

Sequential and conformational epitopes

Sequential epitope: mainly recognized by TCR on the surface of T cells, but also recognized by BCR on the surface of B cells

Conformational epitopes: recognized by BCRs and antibodies on the surface of B cells

T cell epitopes and B cell epitopes

T cell epitope: an epitope recognized by TCR on the surface of T cells, located at any part of the antigen molecule. After processing by antigen-presenting cells, it is expressed on the antigen in the form of an antigen peptide-MHC molecule complex. Presented on cell surface for recognition by T cells

B cell epitope: an epitope recognized by BCR and specific antibody molecules on the surface of B cells, usually located on the surface of antigen molecules Can be directly recognized by BCR without processing

Common epitopes and cross-reactivity

Factors affecting antigen immunogenicity

foreignness of antigen

Generally speaking, the farther the genetic relationship between the antigen and the body, the greater the difference in tissue structure, the stronger the foreign body, the more emphasis the antigen has on the body's immunogenicity.

In vitro: such as various pathogens, animal proteins and allografts

In the body: some self-materials whose structure has been changed due to physical, chemical and biological factors and normal self-materials that have not been in contact or fully contacted with immune cells during the embryonic period Such as eye lens protein, brain tissue and sperm

Physicochemical properties of antigen molecules

Chemical properties: Proteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins are highly immunogenic. Polysaccharides and polypeptides have certain immunogenicity, Lipids and nucleic acids are less immunogenic

molecular weight

The larger the molecular weight, the more antigen epitopes it contains, and the stronger the immunogenicity.

Chemical composition and structure

It is composed of linear amino acids and is easily degraded in the body, so it has weak immunogenicity. Contains aromatic amino acids and has strong immunogenicity

accessibility

The degree to which the antigenic epitope in the antigen molecule is accessible to the BCR

physical state

The immunogenicity of the polymerized state is significantly enhanced compared to its monomer. Immunogenicity of particulate antigens > Immunogenicity of soluble antigens

body factors

genetic factors

Age, gender, health status and stress

The immune response ability of individuals to antigens in young adults is stronger than that in children and older adults

How antigens enter the body

Immune route effect: intradermal > subcutaneous > intraperitoneal vein > oral

Type of antigen

Classification based on whether T cells are required to participate in antigen-induced antibody production

Thymus-dependent antigen (majority)

Antigens that stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells to produce antibodies that require the assistance of Th cells are also called T cell-dependent antigens, or TD antigens for short.

Thymus-independent antigen (minority)

Antigens that stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies without the assistance of Th cells, also known as T cell-independent antigens, or TI antigens for short

Classification based on the relationship between the antigen and the body

xenoantigen

Pathogenic microorganisms

Exotoxins

It is a toxic protein secreted outside the bacteria by certain bacteria during their growth and metabolism. It has strong immunogenicity and can stimulate the body to produce specific antibodies, that is, antitoxins

toxoid

It is the loss of toxic effect of bacterial exotoxins obtained after treatment with formaldehyde aq. Biological agents that retain their original immunogenicity. Such as tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid

Antitoxin

Derived from animal immune serum. For humans, it is a heterogeneous antigen that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies against animal serum. Repeated use can induce hypersensitivity reactions in the body. Therefore, skin allergy testing must be done before clinical use of such biological agents.

alloantigen

ABO blood group antigen

RH blood group antigen

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

autoantigen

Cryptoantigens: eye lens proteins, sperm and brain tissue

Altered/modified autoantigens: refers to the changes in pathogenic microbial infections and certain physical (such as radiation) and Autoantigens formed by changes in the structure of one's own tissues to produce new epitopes under the influence of chemical (such as drugs) factors

heterophile antigen

Forssman antigens and species are common antigens between humans, animals, and plant organisms.

Classification based on whether the antigen is synthesized in antigen-presenting cells

Endogenous antigen: an antigenic substance that is newly synthesized in antigen-presenting cells and exists in the cytoplasm.

Exogenous antigens: Antigen-promoting cells take in intracellular antigenic substances from the outside through phagocytosis, phagocytosis, etc.

Superantigens, mitogens and adjuvants

superantigen

The superantigens of d阝T cells include Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin, group A hemolytic streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin, and mouse mammary tumor virus protein.

mitogen

T cell mitogen

Phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen

B cell mitogen

pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal protein A

Adjuvant

biological adjuvants

Inorganic compound adjuvant

synthetic adjuvants

Adjuvants used in animal experiments

Freund's complete adjuvant

Freund's incomplete adjuvant