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Disease distribution

The disease distribution content of preventive medicine statistics includes the form of disease distribution, the concept of disease distribution, and common indicators to describe disease distribution, etc.

Edited at 2024-01-19 16:34:39

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Disease distribution

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Outline

experimental research design
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- 1
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Experimental Research Design 2
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Introduction to the basics of medical statistics
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Statistical tables and charts
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Medical Statistics-Introduction to the new version of textbook
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Disease distribution

disease distribution concept

It is a group manifestation of the disease

Including time, space and population distribution, also known as the three distributions of disease

Commonly used metrics to describe disease distribution

Descriptive measures of disease frequency

Incidence

Definition: Indicates the frequency of new cases of a certain disease in a certain population within a certain period of time (usually 1 year)

Exposed population (risk group)

Must be a group of people within the observation range during the observation period, and are likely to develop the disease to be observed

Should not include people who are sick, have been sick, or are immune, etc.

Attack rate

It is often used to measure the frequency of new cases in a population within a short period of time, such as investigating the cause of a disease outbreak in a local area.

The observation unit time can be in days, weeks, ten days, or months.

Renewal rate

Definition: Also known as the second-generation incidence rate, between the shortest incubation period and the longest incubation period of certain infectious diseases, the number of cases among susceptible contacts (secondary cases, second-generation cases) accounts for the percentage of the total number of susceptible contacts

Application: Reflect the strength of the infectious power of infectious diseases, analyze the epidemic factors of infectious diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of epidemic prevention measures

Describes a measure of the frequency of disease presence

Prevalence (prevalence or prevalence)

Definition: refers to the ratio of the number of cases of a certain disease (the number of new and old cases) in a specific population within a specific period of time to the average population in the same period

Key Differences between Incidence and Prevalence

infection rate

Definition: refers to the proportion of people infected with a certain disease among the people examined within a certain period of time

Describe measures of disease mortality frequency

mortality rate

Definition: Indicates the frequency of death among a specific group of people within a certain period of time (usually one year)

case fatality rate

Definition: refers to the proportion of deaths due to a disease among all patients suffering from the disease within a certain period of time

Application: Explain the severity of the disease and the hospital’s diagnosis and treatment level

survival rate

Definition: Usually refers to the proportion of patients who are still alive after n years of follow-up (usually 1, 3, or 5 years)

Application: Important for evaluating long-term outcomes in chronic, high-mortality diseases index

Potential years of life lost (PYLL)

Definition: Refers to the sum of the differences between the life expectancy and the actual age of death of a certain group of people, that is, the amount of life lost in the group caused by death.

Application: An indicator of population disease burden

Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)

Definition: refers to all years of healthy life lost from onset to death, including years of life lost due to premature death (YLL) and years of healthy life lost (YLD) caused by disability due to disease.

Application: Quantitative measurement of comprehensive indicators of loss of healthy lifespan due to premature death and disability due to disease

epidemic intensity of disease

Refers to the changes in the number and characteristics of a certain disease in a certain place or among a certain group of people within a certain period of time

Describe indicators

Distribute

It means that the incidence rate of a certain disease in a certain area is at the historical level (generally the average incidence level of the disease in the local area in the previous three years), and there is no obvious mutual transmission relationship between cases.

reason

The disease is prevalent all year round and residents have certain immunity or the immunity level of the population is maintained due to vaccination, such as measles;

Infectious diseases dominated by latent infections, such as poliomyelitis;

Infectious diseases with difficult transmission mechanisms, such as epidemic relapsing fever;

Diseases with long incubation period

outbreak

Refers to the phenomenon that many identical cases suddenly appear among people in a short period of time and in a small area (such as collective units and kindergartens)

Popularity

It means that the incidence rate of a certain disease in a certain area and period is significantly 3-10 times higher than the local sporadic level of the disease over the years.

Pandemic

Refers to a situation where a disease spreads rapidly at an epidemic level, covers a wide area, and crosses provincial, national or even continental boundaries in a short period of time.

Distribution pattern of disease

Three rooms distributed

Local distribution

Refers to describing the frequency of a disease in different areas

How to divide regions

By administrative region

Divided according to natural geographical conditions and environmental characteristics

endemicity of disease

Due to the influence of natural environment and social factors, the incidence rate of some diseases in one area is often higher than that in other areas, or it only exists in a certain area.

type

statistical locality

natural endemic

natural pathogenicity

Time Distribution

Short term fluctuations (outbreaks)

Seasonal

The phenomenon that the incidence of disease changes with seasons

cyclical

It refers to the situation where the frequency of some diseases changes regularly after a considerable time interval. Mainly seen in respiratory infectious diseases

The periodic distribution of diseases can be artificially changed through planned immunization

long term variation

Crowd distribution

age

is the most important factor in population distribution

Reason for difference

①Differences in immune levels

②Different exposure opportunities and levels

③The role of vaccination or certain prevention and control measures

Research purposes

① Provide clues to the cause of the disease and explore the cause; ② Determine the high-risk groups and key protection targets of the disease; ③ Understand the changing patterns of population immunity levels and determine the targets of planned immunization and vaccination; ④ Develop preventive measures and evaluate their effects

Analytical method

cross-sectional analysis

Analyze incidence, prevalence and mortality rates by age group

For analysis of acute diseases and infectious diseases

Explain the changes in mortality rates of different ages in the same period and the changes in mortality rates of each age group in different years.

shortcoming

The biggest disadvantage is that it cannot show the relationship between causative factors and age.

It cannot explain the mortality trends of various age groups born in different years;

The relationship between the causative factors of chronic diseases and age cannot be shown.

Because the time between exposure and onset of disease may be long, and the intensity of the causative agent may vary at different times.

birth cohort analysis

It is an analysis of the incidence or mortality of a certain disease in different birth cohorts at different ages by taking people born in the same era as a birth cohort.

Suitable for analyzing age distribution of chronic diseases

advantage

Evaluate long-term trends in disease age and provide clues to the cause of the disease

Elucidate the relationship between pathogenic factors and age

gender

Profession

race and ethnicity

genetic factors

life and customs

The natural and social environment in which ethnic settlements are located

bad behavior, lifestyle

Comprehensive description of disease distribution

Comprehensive description and analysis of three aspects: time, space and crowd distribution

immigration epidemiology

It is to explore the role of genetic and environmental factors in the cause of the disease by observing the differences in disease incidence or mortality of a certain disease among immigrants, immigrants' country (region) people, and people in the country of origin.

birth cohort analysis

The method of comprehensive analysis of onset time and age is often used in the analysis of age-specific mortality.