The leader is still called the king, but is elected by the assembly of nobles belonging to Kshatriyavarna rather than hereditary

The most typical development is the continuous growth of autocratic royal power

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Materiality of the world: It is believed that the world is composed of four material elements: earth, water, wind, and fire. Human consciousness is produced by the body formed by combining these four elements in a special way. The body and spirit are unified and there is no separation. body and independent soul

Denial of the supernatural: does not admit the existence of supernatural entities or gods, maintains that all things in the universe "exist naturally and do not arise from causes", denies that there are other worlds and afterlife, that there is no reincarnation and karma, and that there is no need for sacrifices and sacrifices. Ritual, liberation is death.

Criticism of the caste system: From the standpoint of the oppressed people, we resolutely oppose the unequal caste system. We believe that whether you are a Brahmin or a Chandala, the blood flowing in your veins is red, and there is no difference between life and death.

Actively engage with the world: Promote optimism and actively engage with the world, oppose asceticism and all hypocritical morality, and believe that wise people should not suffer for liberation.

Hedonism: Opposes the feudal concept of chastity, believes that women's chastity and other precepts are binding on women, and advocates that the purpose of life is enjoyment. It has been unanimously attacked by other philosophical sects.

It is a world view and outlook on life that has been popular among the people from ancient times to the Middle Ages. However, because its theory is in direct opposition to the dominant philosophical sect, its classics may have been burned by Brahmin monks, and now it can only be seen in critical materials of the hostile sect. Its scattered fragments.

Makali Kosala

In this given world, every living monad must be regenerated repeatedly, starting from basic molecules and gradually passing through geological, biological, animal storage stages, and then emerging in human form; each living monad is regenerated in various stages. The number, time and progress of regeneration are also fixed, and the relationship between each life monad in the process of repeated regeneration is also strictly regulated.

Human will and behavior, whether good or evil, cannot affect the entire established process. Practice cannot speed up the process of liberation, and doing evil cannot delay it.

The course of life is not determined by oneself, nor by others, but by fate.

The Ashfikar sect was once one of the important schools of thought in ancient India. It influenced and competed with Brahmanism, early Buddhism, and Jainism. Its theory is of great significance for studying the development and evolution of ancient Indian philosophy, religion, and culture. It is of great significance and provides a unique perspective for people to understand the way ancient humans perceived the world and destiny.

Non-violence: Jainism emphasizes respect for all life and non-injury. It believes that all living things have souls, so killing is strictly prohibited, even plants.

Reincarnation of Karma: It advocates that the soul will reincarnate in different life forms due to actions in previous lives, and that liberation can only be achieved by eliminating karma.

The Seven Truths are: life, non-life, leakage, binding, control, silence, and liberation, which are used to explain the nature, state of existence, and the way to liberation of all things in the universe and life.

The Five Precepts: including not killing, not lying, not stealing, not committing sexual misconduct, and not being greedy for money, are the basic precepts that believers need to abide by in their daily lives.

Asceticism: Jainism believes that karma can be eliminated through asceticism and liberation can be achieved. There are various methods of asceticism, such as fasting, meditation, etc.

Cultural aspects: Jainism has had a profound impact on Indian philosophy, literature, and art. Its philosophical thoughts have provided important materials for the development of Indian philosophy, and it has also formed a unique style in the fields of architecture, sculpture, and other arts.

In terms of social life: The concepts of non-violence, honesty, and tolerance it advocates have a positive effect on the moral concepts and social harmony of Indian society, and influence people's lifestyle and value orientation.