MindMap Gallery respiratory system
Anatomy of the Respiratory System Refined Version Mind Map! The key points are all above, just follow the memorization of final anatomy and you won’t fail the class! Let you get twice the result with half the effort and study more efficiently. Everyone is welcome to study together!
Edited at 2024-11-19 08:16:15魯米:靈性覺醒的10個維度。當你停止尋找自己,便會找到整個宇宙,因為你正在尋找的東西,也在尋找你。任何你每天持之以恆在做的事情,都可以為你打開一扇通向精神深處的門。靜默中,我滑入祕境,萬般皆妙樂觀察身邊的神奇,不要聲張。你生而有翼,為何喜歡爬行?靈魂擁有了它自己的耳朵,能夠聽到頭腦無法理解的事情。向內尋求一切的答案吧,宇宙中的一切都在你體內。情人們並不最終相遇某處,這個世界沒有離別。傷口是光進入你內心的地方。
慢性心力衰竭,不僅僅是心率的快慢問題!它源於心肌收縮與舒張功能的下降,導致心輸出量不足,進而引發肺循環充血和體循環淤血。從病因、誘因到代償機制,心衰的病理生理過程複雜多樣。通過控制水腫、減輕心臟前後負荷、改善心臟舒縮功能,以及防治基本病因,我們可以有效應對這一挑戰。了解心衰的機制與臨床表現,掌握防治策略,才能更好地守護心臟健康。
缺血再灌注損傷是器官或組織恢復血液供應後,細胞功能代謝障礙和結構破壞反而加重的現象。其主要機制包括自由基生成增多、鈣超載以及微血管和白細胞的作用。心臟和腦是常見的受損器官,表現為心肌代謝和超微結構變化、心功能下降等。防治措施包括清除自由基、減輕鈣超載、改善代謝和控制再灌注條件,如低鈉、低溫、低壓等。理解這些機制有助於製定有效治療方案,減輕缺血性損傷。
魯米:靈性覺醒的10個維度。當你停止尋找自己,便會找到整個宇宙,因為你正在尋找的東西,也在尋找你。任何你每天持之以恆在做的事情,都可以為你打開一扇通向精神深處的門。靜默中,我滑入祕境,萬般皆妙樂觀察身邊的神奇,不要聲張。你生而有翼,為何喜歡爬行?靈魂擁有了它自己的耳朵,能夠聽到頭腦無法理解的事情。向內尋求一切的答案吧,宇宙中的一切都在你體內。情人們並不最終相遇某處,這個世界沒有離別。傷口是光進入你內心的地方。
慢性心力衰竭,不僅僅是心率的快慢問題!它源於心肌收縮與舒張功能的下降,導致心輸出量不足,進而引發肺循環充血和體循環淤血。從病因、誘因到代償機制,心衰的病理生理過程複雜多樣。通過控制水腫、減輕心臟前後負荷、改善心臟舒縮功能,以及防治基本病因,我們可以有效應對這一挑戰。了解心衰的機制與臨床表現,掌握防治策略,才能更好地守護心臟健康。
缺血再灌注損傷是器官或組織恢復血液供應後,細胞功能代謝障礙和結構破壞反而加重的現象。其主要機制包括自由基生成增多、鈣超載以及微血管和白細胞的作用。心臟和腦是常見的受損器官,表現為心肌代謝和超微結構變化、心功能下降等。防治措施包括清除自由基、減輕鈣超載、改善代謝和控制再灌注條件,如低鈉、低溫、低壓等。理解這些機制有助於製定有效治療方案,減輕缺血性損傷。
respiratory system
respiratory tract
ventilation, pronunciation, smell
upper respiratory tract
nose
composition
External nose: tip of nose, wing of nose, dorsum of nose, root of nose
Nasal cavity (divided into 2 parts by nasal threshold)
Nasal vestibule: lined with skin, prone to boils and swelling
Proper nasal cavity: 3 turbinates, 3 nasal passages
Nasal mucosa: dry mucosa, ruptured blood vessels, and nosebleeds
olfactory area
breathing zone
paranasal sinuses
Location
Open your mouth
Function: ventilation, smell
pharynx
throat
Location: Between the 4th and 6th vertebrae, in front of the hypopharynx
Upper bound: superior edge of epiglottis
Inferior border: lower edge of cricoid cartilage
laryngeal cartilage
Single piece: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis cartilage
Paired: arytenoid cartilage
laryngeal cartilage connection
cricothyroid joint, cricoarytenoid joint
Classification
mucosal folds
Entrance: Throat
gap
vestibular cleft
cleft glottis
The narrowest part of the respiratory tract
Division: Middle laryngeal cavity, laryngeal chamber, sublaryngeal cavity
lower respiratory tract
trachea
Structure: tracheal cartilage, annular ligament, tracheal membrane wall
Tissue levels: mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
The upper edge of the sternal manubrium is divided into the neck and chest.
application
Commonly used sites for tracheotomy: 3rd to 5th tracheal cartilage rings
Tracheal bifurcation: The sternal angle plane is divided into left and right main bronchi, and there is a bronchial ridge at the bifurcation. It is a sign that distinguishes the left and right main bronchi during bronchoscopy.
Main bronchus
Left ~
Right~
lung
ventilation, gas exchange
Location: Located in the chest cavity on both sides of the mediastinum, surrounded by the pleura
Shape: conical; 1 tip, 1 bottom, 2 sides, 3 edges
apex of lung
Lung base (diaphragm surface)
Lobes: upper, middle and lower lobes of right lung (transverse and oblique lobes); left lung
Intrapulmonary bronchi and lung segments
Alveoli: site of gas exchange
Mediastinum
realm
Anterior border: sternum, costal cartilage and medial part
Posterior boundary: thoracic segment of spine
Both sides: mediastinal pleura
Upper limit: upper thoracic opening
Lower bound: diaphragm
Partition
pleura
branch
visceral pleura
Parietal pleura: rib, parietal, septal, mediastinal pleura
pleural cavity
costophrenic recess
lowest part of pleura
Clinical significance: Pleural effusion first accumulates here; Is a common site for pleural adhesions
Body surface projection of pleural reflection line