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MindMap Gallery Quantitative Analysis(1)

Quantitative Analysis(1)

Quantitative analysis occupies an important position in chemistry learning. It helps students understand and analyze chemical problems more accurately and grasp the nature and laws of chemical changes.

Edited at 2024-11-17 21:04:44

Ava Harper

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Quantitative Analysis(1)

Ava Harper

Recent works View more works>>

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Outline

CFA-level one quantitative analysis mind map
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CFA Level 2 Time Series
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quantitative analysis

Overview

The purpose is to accurately determine the content of one or certain components in the sample

Chemical analysis, instrumental analysis

step

Quantitative analysis tasks and plans

Sampling and specimen preparation

Preparation of standard solutions or standard series of solutions

Determination

Data processing and result expression

Error in quantitative analysis

Error and Accuracy

Absolute error (E) The difference between the measured value (x) and the true value, that is, E=x-true value

Relative error (RE) The percentage of absolute deviation (E) in the true value, RE=E/true value

True value: Commonly used true values are agreed true value and standard value

Classification of errors

Systematic error

method error

Instrument and reagent errors

operating error

subjective error

Accidental error: also called unmeasured error, is caused by certain uncertain factors in the analysis process.

Bias and Precision

Absolute deviation (deviation): d=single measurement value-arithmetic mean

Average deviation: Average deviation = sum of absolute values of each deviation/n

Relative average deviation: average deviation/measurement average

Relative deviation: relative deviation = d/arithmetic mean

The relationship between accuracy and precision

High precision is a prerequisite for high accuracy; but good precision does not necessarily mean high accuracy. Only on the premise of eliminating systematic errors can the precision and accuracy be high.

Methods to improve the accuracy of analysis results

Choose the appropriate analytical method

Reduce measurement errors

Reduce system errors

controlled trial

Blank test

Calibrate instruments

Reduce accidental errors

Significant figures and their applications

Significant figures

Definition: A number that can actually be measured.

Significance: Significant digits include all exact digits and the last estimated digit.

"0" between or after the numbers one to nine is a valid digit

The number of significant digits in a logarithm depends only on the number of digits after the decimal point.

Mathematical constants e, π, and multiples or fractions, not actual measured numbers

When the first digit of the significant digit is equal to or greater than 8, the significant digit may be counted by one more digit.

Rounding of significant figures

The principle of "rounding up and leaving even numbers"

Rules for calculating significant figures

Addition and subtraction: The number of digits retained after the decimal point depends on the one with the fewest digits after the decimal point (that is, the one with the largest absolute error)

Multiplication and division: The number of significant digits retained depends on the one with the fewest significant digits (that is, the one with the largest relative error)