(1) As the real beginning of the tradition of concert oratorio, it is "Drama of the Harmony of Souls" composed by Anaglio in 1619

(2) In the mid-17th century, this kind of work performed in the prayer hall began to be called oratorio, and the lyrics could be in Latin or Italian. The important composer of Latin oratorios at this stage was Karimi, with his works such as "Jephta" and "Jonah". Established the basic style of this genre

The main improvisational genres include: Toccata, Fantasia, Prelude,

(1) Toccata is a genre that displays improvisation and is aimed at performance. It has been seen in lute music in the 16th century and has been greatly developed in pipe music since the 17th century. The usual techniques of toccata are strong chord continuations, rich ornamentation, rapid flow and passages imitating polyphony.

(2) Fantasia is also an instrumental piece with a counterpoint texture, which later developed into a free and unrestrained improvisational piece.

(3) Prelude is the earliest genre of true instrumental music and is often placed before other instrumental or vocal genres

The main genres of variation techniques include: theme and variations, variation genres based on hymns, passacaglia and chaconne.

(1) Theme and variations. Making variations based on a theme is a technique that has been used since the birth of instrumental music.

(2) Variation genre based on public hymns. In the northern part of Germany, based on the hymn, they created such genres as the hymn variations, the hymn prelude, the hymn fantasy, the hymn partita and other genres.

(3) Passacaglia and Chaconne are ostinato variations, one is ostinato bass variation and the other is ostinato harmony variation.

① Fugue is a form based on imitative polyphony that is both rigorous and flexible.

② Various factors of fugue in the 17th century gradually became clear: distinctive themes, clear tonal layout, flexible and lively rhythm, and the use of various polyphonic writing techniques to deal with the theme, making the fugue with a single theme both There is lasting interest and an ever-increasing sense of urgency. Example J.S. Bach's "The Art of Fugue"

Suite is an important instrumental music genre in the Baroque period, used for keyboard music, ensemble and ensemble music.

① Beginning at the end of the 17th century, the German keyboard suite included four dance music with the same key and slow-fast-slow-fast speed: Allemande, Coulant, Labande, and Giger.

②French suites are composed of a series of four pieces. F. Couperan wrote many harpsichord suites. Each suite contains 4 to 10 first pieces. They may be a loose combination of dance movements, but more It’s the title piece. Developing towards the title song.

Pipe music from the Baroque period was played in churches. In the early days, the main composers were Schlink of the Netherlands and Frescobaldi of Italy. Schlink inherited the writing skills of the Flemish school of imitating counterpoint and created a carefully designed fussy style. lattice form. Frescobaldi loved to explore novel sound effects, and his works often contained rich chromatic progressions.

(1) The organ music of the "North German School" is serious, majestic, and deeply emotional. Composer Scheidt developed solo organ music based on Protestant congregational hymns; Buxtehude developed the chorale preludes to be larger and more virtuosic.

(2) The "Southern German Music School" is centered in Vienna and Munich and is influenced by Italy and Spain. The representative figure Froeghe combined toccata and fugue into a set, and fixed the loose suite into the standard format of Allemande, Coulant, Sarabande and Giger.

(3) The "Sino-German Music School" is active in Thuringia, central Germany, and its pipe music has styles from both North and South Germany.

①The word sonata originally refers to instrumental music, which is the main genre of ensemble music.

② From the perspective of texture, it can be divided into: (1) trio sonata; (2) solo sonata. The musical emotion of Italian composer Marini was the earliest trio sonata written.

③Marini's "Types of Sonatas: For Church and For Chambers" published in 1665 clearly divided sonatas into two types according to the place of performance: (1) Church sonatas. Typical church sonatas include slow and fast tempos. Contrast movements, one slow and one fast; (2) Chamber sonata, with obvious secularity, It is actually a suite composed of a series of dance music. For example, Bach's "Six Unaccompanied Violin Sonatas and Partitas"

④ Corelli’s four sets of trio sonatas (Op. 1-4) and one set of solo sonatas (Op. 5) are examples of two textures and two genres of baroque sonatas.

There are three different combinations of Baroque concertos: concerto grosso, concerto for orchestra, and solo concerto.

①Concerto Grosso,

②.Concerto for orchestra,

③Solo Concerto,

Most of Bach's vocal works have religious themes, among which cantatas and passions occupy an important position.

1. Cantata

2. Passion

3. Other religious vocal music

Bach's instrumental music is mostly secular. He did not invent a new genre, but based on the creations of his predecessors, he perfected the existing styles.

1.Pipe and organ music

2. Fortepiano music

3. Chamber music and orchestral music

1. Handel’s operas continue the tradition of Italian opera and have his own characteristics. Generally, heroic stories and fantasy stories are selected. Most of the scripts are in Italian, and some of the protagonists are castrati. He paid special attention to the role of the orchestra.

2. Oratorio is a musical genre that brought him lasting fame. There are several types: ① Dramatic oratorios, such as "Saul" and "Samson" based on biblical stories ② Lyrical dramatic oratorios, such as "Micah" "Saiah"; ③ Choral opera oratorios such as "Semele"; ④ Choral oratorios such as "The Israelites in Egypt"; ⑤ Masked dramas, such as "Esther"; ⑥ dramatic romantic paintings, such as "The Happy Man, the Pensive Man, and the Gentle Man". They embody Handel's comprehensive and creative use of various vocal genres and technical techniques of this era. The most creative aspect of Handel's oratorio writing is the use of chorus. "The Israelites in Egypt" is a typical choral oratorio.

1.Keyboard music

2.Orchestral music