MindMap Gallery Music of the Baroque Period
This is a mind map about the music of the Baroque period. The main contents include: 2. (Brief description) The creative characteristics and discussion of Handel’s oratorio, (Discussion) Bach’s musical achievements or (Brief description) Bach’s Characteristics of creation/briefly describe the characteristics of Bach’s keyboard music creation. , 3. Brief description of the pipe music of the Baroque period, brief description of the main genres of the Baroque period (all), explanation of the Passion, explanation of the oratorio, 2. explanation of religious cantata, 1. explanation of indoor cantata, cantata explain.
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Music of the Baroque Period
A brief introduction to French opera during the Baroque period
① The birth of French opera was initially centered on the courts of King Louis XIII and XIV.
② French opera was created based on Roman opera and Venetian opera as models, combined with its own traditions of classical tragedy and ballet.
④The French opera overture pattern established by Lully is: "slow, fast, and slow" pattern.
③ Lully calls his 13 operas "lyrical tragedies", which are mainly based on Greek mythology and medieval knight stories, and have their own national characteristics: (1) Influenced by French classical tragedy, they focus on highlighting dramatic reality and dramatic action ; (2) The structure of the opera forms a certain paradigm, the scenery is luxurious and spectacular, and the play is interspersed with ballet scenes; (3) Vocal music plays a dominant role, and castrato singers are not needed, and the melodies are relatively simple, thus limiting the singers' ability to show off their skills; (4) The role of orchestral music in operas is the overture before the curtain, the dance music in the play, and the accompaniment of singing .
⑤After Lully's death, a form called "opera-ballet" became more popular in France. The representative composer is Rameau. His "The Magnificent Inca Empire" is a representative work of opera and ballet, which developed the inherent decoration and entertainment of French drama to its peak.
Cantata explained
The original meaning of cantata is singing, and it has different morphological characteristics according to the changes of the times. In the Baroque period, it initially referred to solo or duet songs with continuo bass. By the mid-17th century, it could be divided into indoor cantatas and religious cantatas.
1. Indoor Cantata Explanation
①Caccini's "New Music" published in 1602, is an important song collection in the early 17th century
②Péri's "Variety of Music" published in 1609 took a step towards the multi-paragraph cantata.
③ Around 1620, the composer Grandi first called this kind of chamber song in which recitatives and arias are freely combined as cantata.
④ In the late 17th century and the first half of the 18th century, the indoor cantatas created by Neapolitan composers often used two sets of forms suitable for combining arias and arias; A. Scarlatti’s more than 600 cantatas are typical of this format. .
2. Religious Cantata Explanation
①The Italian composer Calciomeri introduced the cantata into the church
② German religious cantatas are used on every Sunday and religious festivals, but pay more attention to the role of chorus and orchestral music, such as Schütz's religious cantata "Saul"; Bach's religious cantata is a typical example of this type. Example.
Oratorio explained
①An oratorio is a long piece of music composed for religious lyrics, consisting of solo, duet, chorus and orchestral performances.
②The musical form and style are close to opera
③The performance method is concert-style, without scenery, costumes and movements, and is usually performed in churches or concert halls.
④Italian Oratorio
(1) As the real beginning of the tradition of concert oratorio, it is "Drama of the Harmony of Souls" composed by Anaglio in 1619
(2) In the mid-17th century, this kind of work performed in the prayer hall began to be called oratorio, and the lyrics could be in Latin or Italian. The important composer of Latin oratorios at this stage was Karimi, with his works such as "Jephta" and "Jonah". Established the basic style of this genre
⑤Schütz's "Christmas Oratorio" is generally regarded as the first German oratorio.
⑥Handel created the best oratorio of the Baroque period.
Passion Explanation
①The Passion is a music score with lyrics based on the story of Jesus’ Passion in the Gospels of the Bible. It is performed one week before Easter.
②The oratorio-style Passion began to appear in the mid-17th century. Schütz's three Passions are the earliest examples of "oratorio-Passion": "Luke Passion", "John Passion", and "Matthew Passion".
③ The solo is a recitative melody, while the chorus is a vocal polyphonic style, with few elements of public praise.
④In the first half of the 18th century, the German "oratorio-Passion" developed further. Bach's masterpieces "Johann Passion" and "Matthew Passion" greatly enhanced the drama of the music.
Briefly describe the main genres of the Baroque period (all)
A brief introduction to the improvisational style of the Baroque period
The main improvisational genres include: Toccata, Fantasia, Prelude,
(1) Toccata is a genre that displays improvisation and is aimed at performance. It has been seen in lute music in the 16th century and has been greatly developed in pipe music since the 17th century. The usual techniques of toccata are strong chord continuations, rich ornamentation, rapid flow and passages imitating polyphony.
(2) Fantasia is also an instrumental piece with a counterpoint texture, which later developed into a free and unrestrained improvisational piece.
(3) Prelude is the earliest genre of true instrumental music and is often placed before other instrumental or vocal genres
Briefly describe the variation techniques in the Baroque period
The main genres of variation techniques include: theme and variations, variation genres based on hymns, passacaglia and chaconne.
(1) Theme and variations. Making variations based on a theme is a technique that has been used since the birth of instrumental music.
(2) Variation genre based on public hymns. In the northern part of Germany, based on the hymn, they created such genres as the hymn variations, the hymn prelude, the hymn fantasy, the hymn partita and other genres.
(3) Passacaglia and Chaconne are ostinato variations, one is ostinato bass variation and the other is ostinato harmony variation.
A brief introduction to the fugue of the Baroque period
① Fugue is a form based on imitative polyphony that is both rigorous and flexible.
② Various factors of fugue in the 17th century gradually became clear: distinctive themes, clear tonal layout, flexible and lively rhythm, and the use of various polyphonic writing techniques to deal with the theme, making the fugue with a single theme both There is lasting interest and an ever-increasing sense of urgency. Example J.S. Bach's "The Art of Fugue"
Suite Explanation
Suite is an important instrumental music genre in the Baroque period, used for keyboard music, ensemble and ensemble music.
① Beginning at the end of the 17th century, the German keyboard suite included four dance music with the same key and slow-fast-slow-fast speed: Allemande, Coulant, Labande, and Giger.
(1) Allemande is a slow dance music originating from Germany.
(2) There are two types of Coulant: the Italian type is fast in three beats; the French type is slightly faster and has three or six beats.
(3) Sarabande originated from South America, and most of it is a very slow three-beat song.
(4) Jigue comes from the United Kingdom. It is generally fast and has a continuous triplet sound, often imitating counterpoint textures.
②French suites are composed of a series of four pieces. F. Couperan wrote many harpsichord suites. Each suite contains 4 to 10 first pieces. They may be a loose combination of dance movements, but more It’s the title piece. Developing towards the title song.
3. Briefly describe the pipe music of the Baroque period
①Main composer
Pipe music from the Baroque period was played in churches. In the early days, the main composers were Schlink of the Netherlands and Frescobaldi of Italy. Schlink inherited the writing skills of the Flemish school of imitating counterpoint and created a carefully designed fussy style. lattice form. Frescobaldi loved to explore novel sound effects, and his works often contained rich chromatic progressions.
②German organ music
(1) The organ music of the "North German School" is serious, majestic, and deeply emotional. Composer Scheidt developed solo organ music based on Protestant congregational hymns; Buxtehude developed the chorale preludes to be larger and more virtuosic.
(2) The "Southern German Music School" is centered in Vienna and Munich and is influenced by Italy and Spain. The representative figure Froeghe combined toccata and fugue into a set, and fixed the loose suite into the standard format of Allemande, Coulant, Sarabande and Giger.
(3) The "Sino-German Music School" is active in Thuringia, central Germany, and its pipe music has styles from both North and South Germany.
Baroque Sonatas Explained
①The word sonata originally refers to instrumental music, which is the main genre of ensemble music.
② From the perspective of texture, it can be divided into: (1) trio sonata; (2) solo sonata. The musical emotion of Italian composer Marini was the earliest trio sonata written.
③Marini's "Types of Sonatas: For Church and For Chambers" published in 1665 clearly divided sonatas into two types according to the place of performance: (1) Church sonatas. Typical church sonatas include slow and fast tempos. Contrast movements, one slow and one fast; (2) Chamber sonata, with obvious secularity, It is actually a suite composed of a series of dance music. For example, Bach's "Six Unaccompanied Violin Sonatas and Partitas"
④ Corelli’s four sets of trio sonatas (Op. 1-4) and one set of solo sonatas (Op. 5) are examples of two textures and two genres of baroque sonatas.
baroque concerto
There are three different combinations of Baroque concertos: concerto grosso, concerto for orchestra, and solo concerto.
①Concerto Grosso,
(1) Divide the band into two groups and emphasize the contrast between the small group and the large group of instruments.
(2) Corelli is one of the advocates of the concerto grosso, the "12 First Concertos".
(3) Handel’s “Concerto Grosso” and Nos. 2, 4, and 5 of Bach’s “Brandenburg Concerto” are both models of the concerto grosso.
②.Concerto for orchestra,
(1) Each instrument in the band functions as a solo group and is combined into an ensemble, emphasizing the competition between each other and having a concerto style.
(2) Bach’s “Brandenburg Concerto” Nos. 3 and 6 are the most typical type of concerto for orchestra.
③Solo Concerto,
(1) Highlight the contrast between the solo instrument and the band. Six of Torelli's 12 Concertos Major are a combination of solo and ensemble instruments.
(2) J.S. Bach’s Harpsichord Concerto, Handel’s Harpsichord Concerto, and Quantz’s Flute Concerto are all groundbreaking in the field of solo concertos.
(3) The structure of the Baroque solo concerto includes three movements: fast, slow and fast. The first four of Vivaldi's 12 violin concertos, Experiments in Harmony and Creativity, are the famous "Four Seasons"
(Discussion) Bach’s musical achievements or (Brief description) Bach’s creative characteristics/Brief description of Bach’s keyboard music creation characteristics.
1. Vocal music
Most of Bach's vocal works have religious themes, among which cantatas and passions occupy an important position.
1. Cantata
① Bach composed nearly 300 religious cantatas, such as "A Voice Shouts, Wake Up." For example, Cantata No. 4, "Christ in the Chains of Death." The religious cantata also best embodies Bach's synthesis of various musical styles and genres in the Baroque period. For example, the instrumental music used as a prelude often has the characteristics of an Italian opera overture or a French opera overture. The recitative and aria come from the opera, absorbing the vocal and instrumental concerto (singing) style from Italy and the French style. Dance rhythms in harpsichord suites, etc.
② Bach's 23 secular cantatas were written for various occasions, such as "Coffee Cantata" and "Peasant Cantata". The secular cantata, which does not require public hymns, is the most lively part of Bach's works.
2. Passion
Bach's "John Passion" and "Matthew Passion" written based on the "Four Gospels" are divided into two parts, equivalent to two acts of an opera. "Matthew Passion", with its strong epicness and magnificent momentum, is unparalleled in Baroque religious music.
3. Other religious vocal music
The two oratorios "Christmas" and "Easter" are actually a series of independent cantatas connected together. The "Mass in B minor" is a monumental masterpiece on a grand scale.
2. Instrumental music
Bach's instrumental music is mostly secular. He did not invent a new genre, but based on the creations of his predecessors, he perfected the existing styles.
1.Pipe and organ music
Bach was an outstanding organ player. He not only inherited the tradition of the German organ music school, but also studied Italian organ music. He left a legacy of almost all organ genres during this period. masterpiece. For example, "Collection of Musical Instruments for Guanqin". His combination of organ fantasies, fugues and preludes, toccatas, passacaglia and fugues reached the pinnacle of Baroque organ music in artistry.
2. Fortepiano music
(1) Two episodes of "Well-Tempered Clavier", each episode has 24 songs. The technical training purpose of the first episode is clear and the style is unified in one episode. Each episode is composed of preludes and fugues of the same tonality. . Each piece in "The Well-Tempered Clavier" is a concise exploration of an emotion and a subject of fugue writing techniques. It has also become the best way for people to examine the expression vocabulary of Baroque emotional types and habits.
(2) Bach wrote three suites, each with 6 pieces. It only contains dance movements. In addition to dance movements, the "English Suite" and "Partita" mostly have long prelude movements, which combine the vitality of Italian music with the complex techniques of German music, and It has certain genre characteristics. <<Gothenburg Variations>> is a classic of Baroque polyphony.
3. Chamber music and orchestral music
Bach composed solo sonatas for violin, cello, flute and other instruments as well as ensemble music for string instruments, wind instruments and keyboard instruments, such as "Unaccompanied Violin Sonata and Partita", "Musical Dedication", "The Art of Fugue". He was the first composer to write a keyboard concerto. The six Brandenburg Concertos adopt a typical late Baroque musical vocabulary.
2. (Brief description) The creative characteristics of Shandel’s oratorio. Discussion
Handel's vast oeuvre includes more than 40 operas, 26 oratorios, nearly 80 cantatas, and a large number of religious music.
Works; concertos, sonatas, keyboard music and orchestral music for various instrumental combinations. He was the most international composer of the Baroque period.
1. Opera and Oratorio
1. Handel’s operas continue the tradition of Italian opera and have his own characteristics. Generally, heroic stories and fantasy stories are selected. Most of the scripts are in Italian, and some of the protagonists are castrati. He paid special attention to the role of the orchestra.
2. Oratorio is a musical genre that brought him lasting fame. There are several types: ① Dramatic oratorios, such as "Saul" and "Samson" based on biblical stories ② Lyrical dramatic oratorios, such as "Micah" "Saiah"; ③ Choral opera oratorios such as "Semele"; ④ Choral oratorios such as "The Israelites in Egypt"; ⑤ Masked dramas, such as "Esther"; ⑥ dramatic romantic paintings, such as "The Happy Man, the Pensive Man, and the Gentle Man". They embody Handel's comprehensive and creative use of various vocal genres and technical techniques of this era. The most creative aspect of Handel's oratorio writing is the use of chorus. "The Israelites in Egypt" is a typical choral oratorio.
2. Instrumental music
1.Keyboard music
Handel's keyboard music mainly includes harpsichord suites. Each suite has different movements and a loose structure. His organ concerto is a solo piece of music played before or during the oratorio to increase the audience's interest. The music is highly improvisational.
2.Orchestral music
Handel's concerto grosso is based on four movements with tempo slow - fast - slow - fast. The contrast between the two groups of instruments is not strong, the texture is free and concise, and the sound is full. The two orchestral suites "Water Music" and "Firework Music" are among his most frequently performed works.