MindMap Gallery receptor
This is a mind map about receptors. The main content includes: visual organ, vestibulocochlear organ. Receptors are structures that the body receives various stimuli from the internal and external environment, converts these stimuli into nerve impulses, and then transmits them to the central nervous system through sensory nerves.
Edited at 2024-11-26 23:34:31Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
receptor
vestibular cochlear apparatus
vestibular apparatus
external ear
auricle
external auditory canal
1/3 cartilage, containing sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands
eardrum
middle ear
Tympanum (petrous part of temporal bone)
Lateral wall (tympanic membrane)
medial wall
Gujiao
upper back
There is a convex facial nerve canal behind and above the vestibular window (closed by the base of the stapes)
lower back
Cochlear window (closed by the second tympanic membrane)
front wall
Internal carotid artery tube, Eustachian tube
back wall
Mastoid antrum, mastoid chamber
upper wall
tympanum
lower wall
internal jugular vein
Ossicles: stapes, incus, malleus
Ossicularis muscles: tensor tympani, stapedius
Eustachian tube
Passage between nasopharynx and tympanum
Mastoid sinus
Mastoid cells
Inner ear (between the tympanum and the floor of the internal auditory canal)
bony labyrinth
Cochlea (consisting of the modiolus and the modiolus)
The tip facing the anterolateral side is called the cochlear apex (cochlear foramen: the only passage for the scala vestibuli and scala tympani), and the bottom facing the bottom of the internal auditory canal is called the cochlear base.
The modiolus extends out of the bone spiral plate (there is a modiolus spiral tube at the base)
The lumen of the cochlear duct can be divided into scala vestibuli, membranous cochlear duct, and scala tympani.
The vestibule (the lateral wall, that is, the lateral wall of the tympanum) has a vestibular window and a cochlear window.
3 bony semicircular canals: perpendicular to each other
anterior semicircular canal
posterior semicircular canal
Single bone foot combined into one total bone foot
external semicircular canal
Membranous labyrinth (endolymph)
utricle and saccule
membrane semicircular canals
cochlear duct
There is a spiral organ on the spiral membrane, also called the organ of Corti, which is an auditory receptor.
Between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth is perilymph
hearing device
monitor
eyeball
eyeball wall
fibrous membrane of eyeball
Cornea (front 1/6)
Avascular but rich in sensory nerve endings, refractive
Sclera (5/6)
Normally milky white; there is a circular scleral sinus in the scleral parenchyma near the limbus, which is the channel for the outflow of aqueous humor; the outside of the junction between the sclera and the cornea is the scleral groove.
vascular membrane
iris
The annular area at the junction of the iris and cornea is called the iridocorneal angle, also known as the anterior chamber angle.
Cornea - eye chamber (the iris divides it into a large anterior chamber and a small posterior chamber, and the two communicate through the pupil) - lens
pupillary sphincter, pupillary dilator muscle
Ciliary body (regulates lens curvature and produces aqueous humor)
The posterior ciliary ring, the anterior ciliary process (which sends out ciliary zonules connected to the lens), and the ciliary muscles are innervated by parasympathetic nerves
Choroid (rich in blood vessels and pigments, nourishes intraocular tissues, absorbs dispersed light, and regulates intraocular pressure)
It is connected to the sclera on the outside, the retinal pigment layer on the inside, and the optic nerve passes through it on the back.
retina
Retina iris part
ciliary body
Blind part of the retina (no photosensitivity)
The choroidal part (optic part of the retina), the fundus of the eye, has a photosensitive effect
Optic disc (optic nerve head)
The central fovea, called the optic disc fossa, has central retinal arteries and veins passing through it and has no photoreceptor cells, so it is called a physiological blind spot.
macula
The central depression is called the fovea fovea. This area has no blood vessels and is the most sensitive part of the light sensitivity.
It is divided into two layers, the outer layer is a single layer of pigment epithelium, and the inner layer is the neural layer (3 layers)
rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
Contents
Aqueous humor (provides nutrients to the cornea and lens and maintains normal intraocular pressure)
Ciliary body production—posterior chamber—pupil—anterior chamber—iridocorneal angle—scleral venous sinus—superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
Lens (without blood vessels and nerves)
Main devices of eye refractive system
When looking at near objects, the ciliary muscles contract, the ciliary processes extend inward, the ciliary zonules relax, and the lens becomes convex. When looking at distant objects, the opposite is true.
Vitreous body
Supports the retina and keeps the retina and pigment epithelium in close contact
Eye accessories
extraocular muscles
Superior rectus (upper and inner), inferior rectus (lower and inner), medial rectus (medial), lateral rectus (lateral), superior oblique (lower and outer), inferior oblique (upper and outer) , levator palpebrae superioris muscle
blood vessels and nerves of the eye
Tympanum separates external auditory canal and tympanic cavity
The contraction and expansion of the ciliary muscle causes the ciliary zonules to relax or tighten to adjust the curvature of the lens.
The iris and pupil are visible through the cornea in vivo