No nucleus

Simple structure

Examples: Bacteria, Archaea

Nucleus present

Complex structure

Examples: Plant cells, Animal cells

Smaller size

No membrane-bound organelles

Circular DNA

Binary fission

Asexual reproduction

Larger size

Membrane-bound organelles

Linear DNA

Mitosis

Meiosis

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Powerhouse of the cell

Site of cellular respiration

Produces ATP

Protein synthesis

Can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes

Smooth ER: No ribosomes, lipid synthesis

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

Involved in secretion and membrane production

Contains digestive enzymes

Breaks down waste materials

Site of photosynthesis

Contains chlorophyll

Breakdown of molecules

Release of energy

Building of molecules

Requires energy

Aerobic respiration: Oxygen-dependent

Anaerobic respiration: Without oxygen

Produces two identical daughter cells

Important for growth and repair

Produces gametes

Results in genetic diversity

Hormones

Neurotransmitters

Bind to specific signals

Trigger cellular responses

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Specific to water molecules

Can lead to cell swelling or shrinking

Transmit electrical signals

Composed of dendrites, axon

Conversion of DNA to mRNA

Assembly of amino acids into proteins

G1 phase: Cell growth

S phase: DNA replication

G2 phase: Preparation for mitosis