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MindMap Gallery pathology respiratory diseases
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pathology respiratory diseases
This is a mind map about pathological respiratory diseases, including a summary of detailed knowledge points such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic pulmonary heart disease, lung cancer, etc.
Edited at 2024-12-11 14:13:23
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- 稲盛和夫氏 私の今世の経験は、全部をまとめると、この36つだけです！
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
- 計画テンプレート - 月次計画ボード
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い：読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単：シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
pathology respiratory diseases
- Lemon 8 registration and login flow chart
Find a streamlined guide created using EdrawMind, showcasing the Lemon 8 registration and login flow chart. This visual tool facilitates an effortless journey for American users to switch from TikTok to Lemon 8, making the transition both intuitive and rapid. Ideal for those looking for a user-centric route to Lemon 8's offerings, our flow chart demystifies the registration procedure and emphasizes crucial steps for a hassle-free login.
- 稲盛和夫氏 私の今世の経験は、全部をまとめると、この36つだけです！
これは稲盛和夫に関するマインドマップです。私のこれまでの人生のすべての経験は、ビジネスの明確な目的と意味、強い意志、売上の最大化、業務の最小化、そして運営は強い意志に依存することを主な内容としています。
- 計画テンプレート - 月次計画ボード
かんばんボードのデザインはシンプルかつ明確で、計画が一目で明確になります。毎日の進捗状況を簡単に記録し、月末に要約を作成して成長と成果を確認することができます。 実用性が高い：読書、早起き、運動など、さまざまなプランをカバーします。 操作簡単：シンプルなデザイン、便利な記録、いつでも進捗状況を確認できます。 明確な概要: 毎月の概要により、成長を明確に確認できます。 小さい まとめ、今月の振り返り掲示板、今月の習慣掲示板、今月のまとめ掲示板。
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- Outline
respiratory diseases
pneumonia
Definition: It usually refers to acute exudative inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia caused by various biological factors are called bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, fungal pneumonia and parasitic pneumonia according to different causes.
bacterial pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Cause
It is an acute inflammation mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and characterized by diffuse fibrin exudation in the alveoli.
Involved parts
All or most of the large lobes of the lungs, mostly in the left lower lobe and right lower lobe
clinical manifestations
acute onset
Chills, high fever, chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, rust-colored sputum, and signs of lung consolidation
peripheral leukocytes
More common in young adults
Pathological changes
Alveolar fibrinitis, causing pulmonary consolidation.
installment
congestive edema stage
1-2 days after onset of illness
naked eye
The lung lobes are swollen, increased in weight, dark red, and foamy bloody serous fluid can be squeezed out on the cut surface.
under the mirror
alveolar wall
telangiectasia and congestion
Alveolar space
There is a large amount of serous exudate in the alveoli, with a small amount of red blood cells, neutrophils and macrophages.
diagnosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae can be detected in the exudate, and X-rays show patchy distribution of fuzzy shadows; clinical manifestations include chills, high fever, and white blood cells↑
Red hepatoid degeneration
3-4 days after onset of illness
naked eye
The size of the lungs increases, the color is dark red, and the texture is as solid as liver
under the mirror
alveolar wall
telangiectasia and congestion
Alveolar space
A large number of red blood cells and fiber, a certain amount of neutrophils, and a small amount of macrophages
diagnosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae can be detected in the exudate, and X-ray shows large dense shadows with signs of consolidation. Clinical manifestations include obvious hypoxia, worsening chest pain, cough, and rust-colored sputum.
Causes of coughing rusty phlegm
After the red blood cells in the alveolar cavity are phagocytized and disintegrated by macrophages, hemosiderin is formed and coughed up with sputum.
Gray hepatoid stage (late stage of consolidation)
5-6 days after onset of illness
naked eye
The lung lobes are enlarged, congestion decreases, the red color changes to grayish white, and the texture is as solid as liver
under the mirror
alveolar wall
Narrowing of capillaries due to pressure
Alveolar space
A large number of neutrophils and cellulose exudate, macrophages increase, and fibrous webs form.
diagnosis
It is difficult to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae in the exudate. X-ray shows large dense shadows and signs of consolidation. The clinical manifestations are improvement of hypoxic symptoms and coughing up mucopurulent sputum.
Dissolution and dissipation period
One week after onset of illness
naked eye
The lesions in the lungs disappeared and the texture became soft.
under the mirror
alveolar wall
restore congestion
Alveolar space
The cellulose and red blood cells decreased, the neutrophils degenerated and became necrotic, the macrophages increased, and the fibrous network disappeared.
discharge of dissolved exudates
cough up part of it
Some macrophages phagocytose
The other part is absorbed through lymphatic vessels
diagnosis
The examination for pathogenic bacteria was negative, the X-ray showed normal, the signs of consolidation disappeared, the clinical manifestations were that the body temperature returned to normal, the symptoms improved significantly, and the patient coughed up thin purulent sputum.
complication
Lung flesh changes
In organizing pneumonia, there is too little neutrophil exudation in the lung lesions, and the exuded cellulose is not enough to be dissolved. A large amount of undissolved and absorbed cellulose is replaced by granulation tissue and organized into a brown meat-like appearance.
Pleural hypertrophy and adhesions
lung abscess, empyema
septicemia
septic shock
Lobular pneumonia
concept
It is mainly caused by purulent bacteria and is an acute purulent inflammation with pulmonary lobules as the lesion unit.
Cause
Mostly mixed bacterial infections (mostly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, etc.)
Mainly affected
Lower lobe and dorsal side
People prone to the disease
old, weak, sick, young
naked eye
Scattered gray-yellow, solid lesions vary in size, mostly 0.5-1 cm in diameter, and irregular in shape.
under the mirror
There are a large number of neutrophils and a small amount of red blood cells in the alveoli, the surrounding tissues are congested, serous fluid exudates, and the alveolar wall capillaries are dilated and congested; there are varying degrees of compensatory emphysema.
Lesion characteristics
Purulent inflammation of lung tissue centered on bronchioles.
diagnosis
clinical symptoms
Fever, cough, expectoration, sticky phlegm and purulent phlegm, dyspnea, cyanosis
Physical signs are not obvious
auscultation
Scattered crackles (back and lower lobes of both lungs)
X-ray
scattered shadows
complication
Bronchiectasis, lung abscess, empyema, pyopneumothorax
heart failure
Respiratory insufficiency
septicemia
interstitial pneumonia
concept
Refers to inflammation in the interstitium of the lungs
Cause
Viruses, mycoplasma, etc., many mixed infections
type
viral pneumonia
Cause
It is often caused by the downward spread of upper respiratory tract viral infection. Common viruses that cause this type of pneumonia include influenza virus, followed by respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, etc.
naked eye
The lesions were not obvious and there was mild edema.
under the mirror
alveolar septum
The interstitial blood vessels were obviously dilated and congested, and lymphocytes and monocytes were infiltrated. The intervals are significantly widened.
Alveolar space
Hyaline membrane formation: In severe cases, a mixture of serous fluid, a small amount of fibrin, red blood cells and macrophages may exudate, or even lung tissue necrosis, which may be concentrated on the alveolar cavity to form a uniform red-stained membrane.
Bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar epithelium proliferate and hypertrophy, forming multinucleated giant cells.
viral inclusion bodies
Diagnostic basis: round or oval shape, red blood cell size, eosinophilic red staining, and a clear transparent halo around it
Mycoplasma pneumonia
concept
It is an interstitial pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Biological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae: It intervenes between bacteria and viruses and mainly exists in the respiratory tract.
People prone to the disease
children and teenagers
naked eye
Dark red, with a small amount of red foamy liquid on the cut surface.
under the mirror
The alveolar septa were significantly widened, blood vessels were dilated, and lymphocytes and monocytes were present.
clinical manifestations
General symptoms such as fever, headache, general malaise, and stubborn and severe cough.
diagnosis
Dry and wet rales were heard on auscultation; X-ray showed segmental texture enhancement and reticular or patchy shadows; white blood cell height, lymphocytes and monocytes were elevated.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
concept
A collective name for a group of chronic airway obstructive diseases. Their common characteristics are: damage to the lung parenchyma and small airways, leading to chronic airway obstruction, increased expiratory resistance and pulmonary insufficiency. Includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial asthma and bronchiectasis.
chronic bronchitis (chronic bronchitis)
definition
Chronic non-specific inflammation of the bronchial mucosa and surrounding tissues. Common diseases, frequently occurring diseases.
good hair
Common diseases in middle-aged and elderly people, cold season.
Cause
intrinsic factors
The body's resistance is reduced, especially the respiratory system's defense function is damaged.
external factors
Infect
It is an important factor in the occurrence and development of chronic bronchitis, and the pathogens are viruses and bacteria. Viral infection causes respiratory mucosal epithelial damage, which reduces local defense function and creates conditions for bacterial infection. Common viruses include: rhinovirus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus.
Smoking 🚬
Damages the respiratory mucosa, shortens the bronchial mucosal epithelial cilia, restricts movement, proliferates goblet cells, increases gland secretion, and hinders mucus removal, which is conducive to bacterial infection; weakens the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages.
Air pollution and allergy factors
Pathological changes
Impaired respiratory mucus-ciliary drainage system
bronchial gland changes
Mucous gland hyperplasia and hypertrophy; some serous acinar mucinous gland metaplasia; goblet cell hyperplasia.
bronchitis
Bronchial wall congestion, edema, lymphocyte, plasma cell infiltration
Smooth muscle and cartilage changes
Smooth muscle rupture, atrophy, cartilage degeneration, atrophy, and ossification.
clinical manifestations
Cough and expectoration, white foam. Purulent sputum or mucopurulent sputum. Wheezing (wheezing type) and dry and wet rales in both lungs. Over time, it can cause emphysema.
diagnostic criteria
Symptoms of cough, phlegm, and asthma last for three months each year and last for more than two years.
emphysema
concept
It is a disease state in which peripheral lung tissue (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli) contains too much air, is accompanied by destruction of alveolar intervals, and weakened lung tissue elasticity, resulting in expansion of lung volume and reduced ventilation function. It is a disease of the bronchi and lungs. The most common complication of local diseases.
Cause
obstructive ventilatory disorder
Decreased elasticity of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls
Decreased alpha1-antitrypsin levels
type
alveolar emphysema
concept
The lesions occur in the lung acini and are often accompanied by small airway obstructive ventilation disorders, also known as obstructive emphysema.
type
Central alveolar emphysema
The most common, mostly seen in middle-aged and elderly smokers or those with a history of chronic bronchitis
The respiratory bronchioles are cystically dilated, and the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs are not obviously dilated.
Perialveolar emphysema (paraseptal emphysema)
The respiratory bronchioles were normal, and the alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs were significantly dilated.
panalveolar emphysema
Seen in young adults
The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs are dilated.
interstitial emphysema
Rib fractures, penetrating chest wall injuries, or a sharp increase in intrapulmonary pressure caused by severe coughing can cause bronchioles or alveolar septa rupture.
Interstitial bead-like small bubbles
Other types of emphysema
Senile emphysema
compensated emphysema
paracicatric emphysema
naked eye
The lungs are enlarged, gray-white, with blunt edges, soft and lack of elasticity, and leave marks after acupressure.
under the mirror
The alveoli expand, the alveolar intervals narrow and break, and adjacent alveoli fuse into larger cysts.
The capillaries in the alveolar walls are compressed and become flattened, reducing their number.
Intimal fibrous thickening of pulmonary arterioles within the interstitium
Chronic inflammation of small airways
diagnosis
symptom
Cough and sputum, expiratory dyspnea due to obstructive ventilation disorder, shortness of breath, chest tightness, cyanosis and other hypoxic symptoms
physical signs
Inspection: barrel chest
Percussion: excessive voicelessness, narrowed heart dullness
Palpation: Decreased tremor
Auscultation: weak breath sounds, prolonged expiration
X-ray shows that the lung field is enlarged, the transparency is increased, and the diaphragm is descended.
Comorbidities
pulmonary heart disease
chronic pulmonary heart disease
concept
Cor pulmonale, referred to as pulmonary heart disease, is a heart disease characterized by right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation caused by pulmonary hypertension caused by various reasons.
Cause
Bronchial and lung diseases
Thoracic movement disorders
pulmonary vascular disease
Pulmonary hypertension is a key link in causing pulmonary heart disease
lung disease
Media hyperplasia and hypertrophy mainly in pulmonary muscular arterioles
There is no muscularization of the muscle arterioles, and the muscular arterioles are thickened.
heart disease
naked eye
Right ventricular hypertrophy, increased heart weight, blunt apex, and significant bulging of the pulmonary artery cone.
under the mirror
Compensation area
Myocardial cell hypertrophy, enlarged nuclei, and deep staining
hypoxic zone
Myocardial fibers atrophy, sarcoplasm dissolves, striations disappear, and interstitial collagen proliferates.
clinicopathological link
Right heart failure
Respiratory insufficiency
pulmonary encephalopathy
lung cancer
origin
Mostly bronchial mucosal epithelium
People prone to the disease
Over 40 years old, more men than women
Cause
Smoking 🚬
air pollution
career factors
molecular genetic changes
Naked eye (gross) type (consistent with X-ray classification)
Central type (60-70%)
Hilar type, mainly occurs in the main bronchus or lobar bronchi, forming a mass in the hilus.
Histological types are mostly squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma
Peripheral type (30-40%
Occurs in the lower bronchus, located around the lungs.
Single or multiple nodules, clearly demarcated from surrounding tissue.
The histological type is mostly adenocarcinoma
Diffuse type (2-5%)
The tumor is small in size, diffusely infiltrates, and can involve the entire lung.
Histological types are mostly undifferentiated or bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
Insidious onset and long course of disease
Histological type
Adenocarcinoma
Most occur in bronchial tubes below the segmental level, and tumors are located in the periphery of the lungs
More women than men, mostly non-smokers
There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage, and it is easy to invade the pleura.
Early hematological metastasis
squamous cell carcinoma
most common type
Smoking 🚬 related
Above segmental bronchi, 80-85% are central type
Divided into keratinizing, non-keratinizing and basal cell types
neuroendocrine cancer
Small cell carcinoma (oat cell carcinoma)
People prone to the disease
Middle-aged, male, smoker
The lowest differentiation, highest malignancy, rapid growth, and early metastasis
naked eye
It is mostly located in the hilus (central type) and often occurs in the large bronchi.
Infiltrate and grow into the lung parenchyma to form a mass
The cut surface is gray-white or gray-brown, and bleeding and necrosis are common
under the mirror
Cancer cells are oval or spindle-shaped, similar to lymphocytes, with little cytoplasm and like naked nuclei.
Cancer cells are diffusely distributed or arranged in sheets or strips, which is called oat cell carcinoma
Kulchitsky cells (argyrophils) originating from the bronchial epithelium
Extensive necrosis of cancer tissue
Large cell carcinoma (large cell undifferentiated carcinoma)
Highly malignant, fast growing, undifferentiated cancer
Cancer cells form solid nests or clumps
The cells are large in size, with many giant cells in the tumor, and clear cells can be seen
More common in men, related to smoking🚬
adenosquamous carcinoma
Cancer tissue contains two components: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
Diffusion pathway
spread directly
transfer
lymphatic metastasis
Hematogenous metastasis
clinicopathological link
Early symptoms
Non-specific, easily overlooked, with symptoms such as irritating dry cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, etc.
Middle and late period
Hemorrhagic pleural effusion, emphysema (atrophy), hoarseness, superior vena cava syndrome, Horner syndrome
extrapulmonary manifestations
A series of symptoms and syndromes caused by the secretion of ectopic hormones by cancer cells, such as small cell lung cancer and paraneoplastic syndrome