1. Conduct practical investigations to analyse the reversibility of chemical reactions, for example: - cobalt(II) chloride hydrated and dehydrated - iron(III) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate - burning magnesium - burning steel wool 2. Model static and dynamic equilibrium and analyse the differences between open and closed systems 3. Analyse examples of non-equilibrium systems in terms of the effect of entropy and enthalpy, for example: - combustion reactions - photosynthesis 4. Investigate the relationship between collision theory and reaction rate in order to analyse chemical equilibrium reactions

1. Investigate the effects of temperature, concentration, volume and/or pressure on a system at equilibrium and explain how Le Chatelier’s principle can be used to predict such effects, for example: - heating cobalt(II) chloride hydrate - interaction between nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide - iron(III) thiocyanate and varying concentration of ions 2. Explain the overall observations about equilibrium in terms of the collision theory 3.Examine how activation energy and heat of reaction affect the position of equilibrium

1. Deduce the equilibrium expression (in terms of Keq) for homogeneous reactions occurring in solution 2. Perform calculations to find the value of Keq and concentrations of substances within an equilibrium system, and use these values to make predictions on the direction in which a reaction may proceed 3. Qualitatively analyse the effect of temperature on the value of Keq 4. Conduct an investigation to determine Keq of a chemical equilibrium system, for example: - Keq of the iron(III) thiocyanate equilibrium 5. Explore the use of Keq for different types of chemical reactions, including but not limited to: - dissociation of ionic solutions - dissociation of acids and bases

1. Describe and analyse the processes involved in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water 2. Investigate the use of solubility equilibria by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples when removing toxicity from foods, for example: - toxins in cycad fruit 3. Conduct an investigation to determine solubility rules, and predict and analyse the composition of substances when two ionic solutions are mixed, for example: - potassium chloride and silver nitrate - potassium iodide and lead nitrate - sodium sulfate and barium nitrate 4. Derive equilibrium expressions for saturated solutions in terms of Ksp and calculate the solubility of an ionic substance from its Ksp value 5. Predict the formation of a precipitate given the standard reference values for Ksp