Planning phase

Action phase

Reflection phase

Involvement of stakeholders

Empowerment of participants

Emphasis on specific settings

Addressing local needs

Conducted by a single practitioner

Focus on personal teaching practices

Involvement of multiple practitioners

Group focus on shared issues

Emphasis on social change

Power dynamics and justice

Interviews

Focus groups

Observations

Surveys

Pre/post-tests

Statistical analysis

Integration of qualitative and quantitative data

Comprehensive understanding

Structured questionnaires

Online tools

Semi-structured format

One-on-one discussions

Field notes

Participant observations

Existing records

Artifacts related to the context

Coding data

Identifying patterns

Descriptive statistics

Inferential statistics

Storytelling approach

Contextual interpretation

Transparency with participants

Understanding of study purpose

Data protection measures

Anonymizing participants

Addressing imbalances

Ensuring equitable participation

Balancing teaching and research

Overcoming skepticism

Securing buy-in from stakeholders

Funding concerns

Access to data collection tools

Immediate implementation of findings

Continuous improvement

Enhanced skills of practitioners

Building research competencies

Strengthened community ties

Team building among participants

Assessing new teaching strategies

Implementing technology in lessons

Curriculum reform

Engagement in community projects

Teacher-led workshops

Peer mentoring systems

Recapitulation of key insights

Practical implications

Recommendations for further action

Future research avenues