MindMap Gallery Mind Map of Basics of Natural Geography
This is a mind map about "Basics of Natural Geography", covering the core content and helping students systematically learn and master the basic knowledge of natural geography.
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Mind Map of "Basics of Natural Geography"
Earth
The cosmic environment of the earth
Celestial system level: Earth-Moon System → Solar System → Milky Way → Observable Universe
The eight major planets in the solar system: terrestrial planets, giant planets, and aerial planets
Conditions for the existence of life on Earth: suitable temperature, liquid water, atmosphere
The impact of the sun on the earth
Solar radiation: energy source (nuclear fusion), distribution law (latitude difference)
Solar activity: sunspots, flares, prominences, solar wind; effects on the earth (ionosphere disturbances, aurora, natural disasters)
The history of the earth
Geological age division: Ancient Universe, Ancient Universe, Proterozoic, and Phaezoic (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic)
Fossils and strata: Recording the history of Earth's evolution
The earth's Circle Structure
Internal circle: crust (silicon-aluminum layer, silicon magnesium layer), mantle (softradiosphere), core (external core liquid state, core solid state)
External Circle: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere
The atmosphere on earth
The composition and vertical layering of the atmosphere
Composition: dry clean air (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.), water vapor, impurities
Stratification: troposphere, stratosphere, upper atmosphere (ozone layer, ionosphere)
Atmospheric heating process
Solar radiation (short wave) → ground radiation (long wave) → atmospheric reverse radiation (greenhouse effect)
Thermal circulation: sea and land wind, valley wind, urban wind
Climate Types and Global Climate Change
Main climate types: tropical rainforest climate, Mediterranean climate, temperate monsoon climate, etc.
Global warming: Causes (increased greenhouse gases), impacts (rises in sea levels, extreme weather)
Water on Earth
Water circulation
Links: evaporation, water vapor transport, precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, underground runoff
Type: sea-land circulation, land circulation, sea circulation
Impact of human activities: construction of reservoirs and water transfer across river basins
The nature and movement of seawater
Seawater temperature: decreases with the increase of latitude, vertically layered (mixed layer, thermoclimb layer, deep sea layer)
Seawater salinity: the highest in subtropical seas, affected by evaporation, precipitation, runoff
Ocean currents
Type: Warm current (low latitude → high latitude), cold current (high latitude → low latitude)
Distribution rules: clockwise circulation in the middle and low latitudes of the northern hemisphere, counterclockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere
Impact: Climate (warm current increases heat and humidity), fishing ground (cold and warm currents intersect)
Land water bodies
River supply type: rain water supply, ice and snow melt water supply, groundwater supply
Lake classification: saltwater lake (inflow area), freshwater lake (outflow area)
Landscape
Internal force and landform
Plate tectonic theory: six major plates (European, Pacific, Indian Ocean, etc.)
Tectonic landform: folds (anticlines form mountains, inclines form valleys), faults (ground barriers, grabens)
Volcanoes and seismic belts: Pacific Rim Volcano Seismic belt, Mediterranean-Himalayan belt
External force action and landform
The function of flowing water
Erosion landforms (canyons, karst landforms)
Stacked landforms (alluvial fans, deltas)
Wind force: wind-eroded mushrooms, sand dunes
Glacier function: U-shaped valley, ice bucket
Main geomorphological types
Karst landforms: caves, stone forests (Yungui Plateau)
River landform: V-shaped valley (upstream), alluvial plain (middle and lower reaches)
Coastal landform: sea cliffs, beaches
Soil and vegetation
Soil formation
Soil-forming factors: soil-forming parent substance, climate, biology, terrain, time
Soil profile: organic layer, humus layer, leaching layer, deposition layer
Vegetation type
Forests: tropical rainforest, subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, temperate deciduous broadleaf forest
Grassland: Tropical savanna, temperate savanna
Desert vegetation: drought-tolerant characteristics (leaf degradation, developed root system)