Light and small lifting equipment

crane

Working Platform

Mechanical parking equipment

Flowing crane

Tower crane

Mast crane

Gantry crane

Door crane

composition

Calculate the load

Calculate load for lifting

(1) The maximum lifting weight of the crane under the selected arm length and rotation radius should be greater than the load calculated for lifting. (2) When two lifting machines lift a heavy object at the same time, it is advisable to use cranes of the same type or similar performance. The lifting weight should not exceed 75% of the total lifting weight allowed by the two lifting machines. The load of each lifting machine should not exceed 80% of its safe load.

The maximum amplitude is the maximum lifting rotation radius of the crane, that is, the lifting rotation radius under the rated lifting capacity conditions

Hm>H1 H2 H3 H4 Hm-Height of the lower pulley at the top of the crane boom H1-Equipment Height H2-The height of the rigging from the top surface of the equipment to the hook (including the height of wire rope, balance beam, shackle, etc.) H3-Height of the top surface of the foundation or anchor bolt to the bottom surface of the equipment when in place H4-Height of the top surface of the foundation or anchor bolt

The curves that reflect the lifting capacity and maximum lifting height of the mobile crane change with the arm length and amplitude are called lifting weight characteristic curves and lifting height characteristic curves respectively.

(1) Determine the station truck position of the crane based on the positioning plane position of the lifted equipment (component) and the on-site situation. Once the station train position is determined, the amplitude of the crane will be determined. (2) Determine the minimum lifting height for equipment lifting based on the positioning height, equipment size, sling height, etc. of the lifting height curve of the crane to determine the crane arm length. (3) Through the crane's lifting performance table, check the rated lifting weight of the crane at the same amplitude and different arm lengths. (4) If the rated lifting capacity of the crane is greater than the calculated load, the crane selection will be qualified, otherwise it should be re-selected. (5) Calculate the safety distance between the boom and the equipment, the boom and nearby structures, equipment and structures, etc. If the calculation results meet the specification requirements, the selection will be passed, otherwise it should be re-selected.

(1) Flowing cranes must be hoisted on a horizontal hard ground. The foundation at the crane working position (including the crane walking route) needs to be handled. (2) Use appropriate methods to treat the soil according to the soil quality of the foundation or based on the measured ground pressure resistance. When lifting heavy equipment on complex foundations, professionals should be asked to design the foundation specifically and prepare foundation treatment plans. (3) The treated foundation should undergo pressure resistance testing, and the pressure weight method is commonly used or a third-party testing agency is asked to conduct the test.

6×19 is generally used as cable rope and cable 6×37 is generally used in situations where steel ropes are bent, and is often used in pulley sets. It can also be used as a lifting rope through pulley sets. Used as a sling 6×61 Suitable for pulley sets, slings and bundled hanging objects, etc.

Requirements for cable appearance inspection

Angle requirements for sling and plumb line

Usage requirements

Safety factor

Requirements for use of hanging ears and shackles

(1) Reduce the squeeze pressure when lifting the equipment (component) and avoid damaging the equipment. (2) Shorten the height of the sling and reduce the lifting height of the moving pulley. (3) The component stiffness is not met and needs to be balanced and distributed when lifting stress is loaded at multiple lifting points. (4) Convert the hanging point. On one hoist of the same non-standard crane (such as a mast crane), if two or more pulley sets need to be hung, a balance beam is also required. The balance beam during lifting of the dual-machine mainly plays the role of distributing the crane load and converting the lifting point.

design

Usage requirements

(1) According to the structure of the head of the pulley, it can be divided into hook type, chain ring type, hoist ring type and hoist beam type. (2) According to the number of wheels of the pulley, it can be divided into single-wheeled pulley, double-wheeled pulley and multi-wheeled pulley. Among them, single-wheeled pulley has two types: closed and open. (3) According to the function of the pulley, it can be divided into fixed pulley, dynamic pulley, guide pulley and balance pulley

According to its purpose and installation purpose, the trolley is divided into three types: fixed trolley, moving trolley and guiding trolley. The fixed trolley and the trolley are connected in series to form a pulley group.

Determination trolley. Only change the direction of the force, but the magnitude of the force is not The speed of the rope remains unchanged. The fixed pulley is generally used as a balance pulley and a guide pulley.

Mobile pulley. Move synchronously with the hanging object

Guided pulley. The guide pulley can only change the direction of the force, but the magnitude of the force remains unchanged.

Generally, 3 doors and below should be used for smooth travel; 4 to 6 doors should be used for flowers Wear; double running heads should be used for 7 or above. The deflection angle of the pulley of the wire rope entering the pulley should be controlled at Not more than 4°

① Select the rated load and number of doors of the pulley set based on the pulley set load determined by force analysis and calculation. ② Calculate the pulley set running rope pulling force and select the running rope diameter. ③ Note that the selected running rope diameter must match the pulley set. ④ Calculate the load of the guide wheel based on the maximum tension and guide angle of the running rope and select the guide wheel.

(1) The pulley should be used according to the factory nameplate and product instruction manual, and must not be used overloaded. When a multi-wheeled trolley uses only part of its pulley, the lifting capacity of the pulley should be reduced according to the ratio of the number of wheels used to the total number of wheels. (2) The distance between the moving and stationary (static) pulleys must comply with the requirements of relevant specifications, and the minimum distance shall not be less than 1.5m; the deflection angle of the running rope entering the pulley shall not be greater than 5°.

(1) Rated traction force (2) Working speed: that is, the speed at which the roll is rolled into the wire rope (3) Rope capacity: that is, the maximum value of the working length of the wire rope allowed to be accommodated by the reel of the hoist. The nameplate of each winch is marked with the capacity of a wire rope of a certain diameter. When choosing, you must pay attention that if the diameter of the actual wire rope is different from the diameter indicated on the nameplate, the capacity check must also be carried out.

(1) Before use, check the integrity of the lifting structure, the flexibility and lubrication of the operating part, and the zipper should be flexible and free, and there should be no chain runs, chain drops or stagnation. (2) When using the chain, the chain should be slew straight and gradually tightened. The two hooks should be subjected to a force on one axis. After inspection and confirmation, the lifting operation should be carried out.

(1) The load carrying capacity of the hand-pulled hoist hanging point shall not be less than 1.05 times the rated load of the hand-pulled hoist; when multiple hoists are used to lift the same workpiece, the operation should be synchronized, and the maximum load of a single hoist shall not exceed 70% of its rated load. (2) When the hand-pulled hoist is used in a vertical, horizontal or inclined state, the force direction of the hand-pulled hoist should be consistent with the direction of the sprocket to prevent the chain from being stuck or falling out. (3) If the hand-pulled hoist that bears the load needs to stay for a long time, the hand zipper must be tied to the lifting chain to prevent the self-locking device from failing. (4) Hand-pulled hoists that have been used for more than 3 months or have been idle for a long time should be disassembled, cleaned, inspected and filled with lubricating oil. For situations such as missing parts, structural damage or severe wear of the machine, it must be repaired or replaced before it can be used.

Using building structures as lifting points, the equipment is lifted or moved through hoisting machines, pulley sets and other spreaders. Using structure hoisting method When doing homework: ① The strength and stability of the load-bearing structure under stress conditions should be checked. ② The selected stress point and plan should be approved by the designer. ③ For the bearing parts that pass through anchor points or directly bound, local reinforcement measures should also be taken; for example, large steel plates, sleepers, etc. are used for local reinforcement, and angle steel or wooden squares are used to protect the beam or column angles. ④ During construction, a special person should be set up to monitor the structure of the stress point.

Equipment hoisting

Special steel structure hoisting

Sub-theme

(1) Stability of lifting machinery (2) Stability of lifting system (3) Stability of lifting equipment or components

(1) The lifting machinery is unstable

Unstable lifting system

Unstable lifting equipment or components

(1) Requirements for setting cable wind ropes: The setting of cable wind ropes on the top of the upright single-mast should be 6 to 8. The back main cable wind rope should be added to the masts that are tiltedly hoisted, and the number of main cable wind ropes on the back should not be less than 2. (2) The angle between the cable wind rope and the ground should be 30°, and the maximum must not exceed 45°. The horizontal angle between adjacent cables of upright single masts shall not be greater than 60°. (3) The cable wind rope should be equipped with facilities to prevent twisting of the pulley after being subjected to stress. (4) The masts that need to be moved should be equipped with spare cable and air ropes.

Types of ground anchors

Ground anchor setting and use requirements

(1) The mast should be used in accordance with the provisions of the mast instruction manual and must not be overloaded. (2) The mast assembly should be assigned in accordance with the instructions for use. The straightness of mast assembly should be less than 1/1000 of its length, and the total deviation should not exceed 20mm. (3) The mast foundation should be designed according to the mast load, the geological conditions of the mast erect position and the surrounding underground conditions. (4) When using inclined mast lifting equipment, the inclination shall not exceed 15°.

(1) Mast stability verification is required

The basis and method of stability verification

Basic steps for mast stability verification

Project Features Equipment parameter table: should include: equipment name, quantity, equipment position number, main body material, etc. Construction floor plan Status before lifting For example: arrival time, form, design unit, manufacturing unit name, equipment foundation and installation and surrounding environment, etc.

(1) Construction technology Overview of equipment lifting process methods (such as double-mast slip method, crane slip method) and lifting process requirements.

(2) Lifting parameter table It mainly includes equipment specifications and dimensions, total equipment weight, total lifting weight, center of gravity elevation, lifting point orientation and elevation, etc. If section lifting is used, the section size and section weight of the equipment should be indicated.

(3) Machinery Selection of lifting and hoisting equipment, installation and removal process requirements of lifting and hoisting equipment; summary table of lifting and material.

(4) Hanging points and reinforcement The location and structural design drawings of the equipment support and lifting points, and the partial or overall reinforcement drawings of the equipment.

(5) Process drawing Hoisting level and elevation layout drawings;

(6) Ground anchor construction drawing

(7) Foundation treatment measures for lifting operations area

(1) Approval of lifting plan. The completed lifting plan should be subject to approval procedures in accordance with regulations. (2) Changes in the hoisting plan. The lifting plan after approval should have serious implementation and technical authority, and if changes are required, the necessary procedures should be followed. For major changes in the hoisting plan, such as changes in the hoisting method, changes in the types of hoisting equipment, and the replacement of main machine rigging and materials, the hoisting plan implementation unit (or the plan preparer) should write a written change application, accompanied by necessary calculations and explanations, and report to the original hoisting plan approval unit and personnel. Only after approval can it be implemented according to the changed content.

(1) Establishing a lifting organization structure that is compatible with the lifting scale is the organizational guarantee for the implementation of smooth lifting. (2) The project department leaders and command personnel are responsible for comprehensive command, decision-making and coordination. The project department’s engineering technology, safety management, quality supervision, equipment and material management personnel are responsible for all aspects of business work according to their division of labor. Operators such as lifting workers, fitters, electrical repairmen, gas-electric welders, lifting machinery drivers, etc. shall carry out lifting operations in accordance with the construction procedures and lifting methods of the lifting plan to complete the lifting work.

(1) After approval, the lifting plan should be issued to relevant units and personnel. After a preliminary understanding of the content of the plan, technical briefings will generally be conducted during the construction preparation stage. (2) The lifting technical person in charge or plan preparation person provides technical briefings to the relevant personnel involved in the lifting. (3) The plan briefing is based on the content of the lifting plan and the design drawings, focusing on project characteristics, lifting procedures, process methods, technical keys and safety measures. (4) After technical briefing, keep the briefing records and keep, archive and make reference after visas from relevant departments.

(1) From the start of lifting preparations to the end of lifting, important construction work should be carried out under the supervision of inspectors. (2) The inspection work implements the entire lifting process. For important technical links and major technical measures involving lifting safety, it should be in accordance with relevant requirements. Check one by one, and the items are passed. Concealed projects such as the construction of embedded ground anchors, foundation treatment, compaction, and reinforcement of lifting sites should be implemented under the supervision of inspectors, and the hidden project records should be filled in. (3) The lifting machinery and machine rigging should be checked and confirmed to be qualified before entering the installation position. Re-inspection of lifting machinery and machine rigging In addition to checking its integrity, it should also check whether its settings are standardized.

(1) Before lifting major equipment, lifting capacity tests should be carried out on newly designed and manufactured masts and other lifting machinery, homemade hanging beams, and slings to determine their maximum load capacity. Such as tensile force test of embedded ground anchor, pressure test of foundation, operation and braking test of winch, etc. (2) The test lifting can not only check the safety and correctness of the rigging used, but also a comprehensive assessment of the lifting organization work, and also verify the flexibility and reliability of the signal and command system. The trial lifting should be regarded as the general exercise of lifting. All lifting personnel must be in place according to their division of labor and each bear their own responsibilities. During the trial lifting, special personnel must be set up to observe and monitor some important lifting links and parts, and special attention should be paid to the occurrence of some abnormal situations. The trial hanging time should not be too long, generally controlled at about 10 minutes. The distance between the equipment leaving the ground during the trial lifting should not exceed 100mm. After the trial lifting, a comprehensive inspection of each lifting machine rigging must be carried out. Measures should be taken to resolve the abnormal situations that occur, and if necessary, another trial lifting should be carried out.

(1) For major equipment lifting projects, formal lifting can only be carried out after obtaining the lifting instructions. (2) Before starting the lifting, the relevant power supply department should also make requirements to ensure power supply. If necessary, some insurance measures should be taken to prevent sudden power outages and accidents. When there is a risk of electric shock during the lifting operation at the lifting site, if the overhead line is overhead, the power outage should be contacted and someone should be sent to supervise it. For roads that need to be interrupted, warning signs and warning lights should be set up at the intersection according to regulations, and special personnel should be sent to guard them. Warning areas must also be set up at the hoisting site, lifting work permits must be issued, and unrelated personnel are prohibited from entering in case of accidents. (3) After the equipment is in place, the equipment should be rectified and positioned and the anchor bolts should be tightened immediately. (4) When dismantling the hoisting equipment, such as the removal of large mast systems, it should still be carried out according to the lifting plan process to ensure safety in the finishing stage.

Lifting machinery refers to electromechanical equipment used for vertical lifting or vertical lifting and horizontally moving heavy objects. Lifts with a rated lifting weight greater than or equal to 0.5t; mechanical parking equipment with a rated lifting weight greater than or equal to 3t (or a tower crane with a rated lifting torque greater than or equal to 40t•m or loading and unloading bridge with a productivity greater than or equal to 300t/h), and lifting height greater than or equal to 2m; mechanical parking equipment with a rated lifting weight greater than or equal to 2 floors. Table 5.3-6 Category and variety of lifting machinery

Note: 1.t refers to the rated lifting weight (ton). 2. The licenses for crane manufacturing bridges, gantry cranes (class A), mobile cranes (class A), and gantry cranes (class A) are from the country The State Administration for Market Regulation is responsible for the implementation; other manufacturing licenses are authorized by the State Administration for Market Regulation. Or the provincial market supervision and management department is responsible for the implementation. 3. All levels of lifting machinery installation licenses are authorized by the State Administration for Market Regulation or provincial market supervision and administration. The supervision and management department is responsible for the implementation.

(1) First inspection The first inspection refers to the inspection conducted before put into use on the basis of the self-inspection of the installation unit or the user unit that does not implement installation supervision and inspection. The lifting machinery that performs the first inspection must also be regularly inspected according to the prescribed regular inspection cycle.

(2) Catalog of lifting machinery for the first inspection

Regular inspection

Regular inspection cycle

(1) Supervision and inspection refers to the installation, renovation and major repair units that carry out their own operations during the installation, renovation and major repair process of lifting machinery. The inspection and test are qualified and the inspection agency supervises and confirms the self-inspection and test process and results of the installation, transformation and major repair units. The process of recognition. (2) After the installation supervision and inspection of tower cranes and construction lifts, the climbing of tower cranes and the joint operations of construction lifts are completed. The process does not implement installation supervision and inspection, and the user shall formulate operating procedures for their operations to ensure the safety of the operation and the safety performance of the operation. (3) When lifting machinery for flow-operated operations is put into use after leaving the factory, the first inspection and supervision inspection should be carried out; among which, after disassembly, it will be carried out. The lifting machinery installed in the second time will no longer be subject to supervision and inspection, and regular inspections should be carried out in accordance with the "Technical Regulations on Safety of Crane Machinery" TSG51-2023; In addition, regular inspections should be carried out for disassembly and reinstalled within the validity period of the periodic inspection, but regular inspections should be recalculated. cycle. (4) The crane construction unit shall carry out the crane to be carried out before the crane is installed (including the crane that performs the first inspection) before the crane is installed (including the crane that performs the first inspection). The municipal special equipment safety supervision and management department of the equipment installation site shall be notified in writing. After the construction unit informs it, fill out the "Apply for Supervision and Inspection of Major Repairs of Crane Machinery Installation and Renovation" and apply for inspection to the inspection agency. And submit the following information: ① Special equipment manufacturing license, installation, renovation and maintenance license or license acceptance decision and other license certificates. ② Test certificate of safety protection device and electric hoist type. ③The whole machine type test certificate or the prototype type test application form. ④Notice on installation, transformation and repair of special equipment. ⑤ Construction contract and construction plan. If the required information is a copy, the official seal of the construction unit shall be stamped with. If there are any changes to the submitted information, the construction unit shall promptly notify you. Inspection mechanism.