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MindMap Gallery History of Foreign Architecture
- 40
History of Foreign Architecture
The mind map of the entire chapter of the history of foreign architecture covers various countries and regions, various architectural styles and schools. The summary is comprehensive and detailed, and is suitable as a review material.
Edited at 2025-02-19 15:04:37
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History of Foreign Architecture
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History of foreign architecture - the budding stage of European capitalism and the period of absolute monarchy
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History of ancient foreign architecture
I. Ancient Egyptian architecture
Four periods
Ancient Kingdom Period: A unified slave empire
Middle Kingdom Period: Handicraft and commerce development, the priesthood class emerged
New Kingdom Period: Combined Emperor Worship and Sun God Worship
Hellenistic and Roman periods: Conquered by the Macedonian king in 332 BC and conquered by Rome in 30 BC
Ancient Kingdom Period (3000 BC)
The representative building is the mausoleum
From "Mastaba" gradually evolved into a pyramid
The first stone pyramid: Zhaoser Pyramid
Giza pyramid group: Khufu, Havra, Menkaurah; Sphinx
The Middle Kingdom Period (21 BC ~ 18 BC)
Cave tombs excavated in canyon cliffs
The hall of sacrifice becomes the main body of the mausoleum
Internal space and external image are equally important
Make full use of environmental conditions and use natural forces to express the emperor's majesty
The artistic conception of the architectural complex has a simple and rough spirit
Using rigorous axis and symmetric composition techniques, people repeatedly render the atmosphere of the tomb while walking
Tomb of Mandhutp III
Two-story flatbed surrounded by colonnade
The combination of step-style cliff tomb and cliff temple
A pyramid stands on the top of the building
Central axis symmetry
Hartsh Pasu Tomb
The combination of step-style cliff tomb and cliff temple
Completely eliminate the pyramid
Osiris Column
New Kingdom Period (16 BC ~ 11 BC)
Temple of the Sun
Tall doors, column-shaped courtyards, halls and a series of secret rooms are arranged in sequence on the axis.
The roof is lowered layer by layer, the ground is raised layer by layer, and the side walls are retracted layer by layer, so the space is reduced layer by layer
Ed Mansion Temple Gate
Temple of Karnak, Ruksso
Abu Xinbo Grottoes Temple
II. Architecture in the Mesopotamia and the Iranian Plateau
Ur Mountain Pagoda (3000 BC)
Ancient Babylon (19 BC ~ 16 BC)
Assyrian Empire (8 BC ~ 7 BC)
The Palace of Sagen II
Human-winged cow statue
The New Kingdom of Babylon (626 BC ~ 539 BC)
Ishida City Gate
Sky Garden
Building technology achievements: finishing technology, glazed bricks
The entire wall is a picture, with the upper and lower parts being processed in several sections, the theme is repeated horizontally while the upper and lower parts are different.
Arrange one or two animal images evenly on the large wall, simply repeating them continuously
Persian Empire (6 BC ~ 4 BC)
Pasaiboris Palace
III. European "classical era" architecture
Aegean culture
Crete (BC3000～BC1500)
Knossos Palace
Mycenae (BC1500～BC1300)
Lion Gate
Tailun Acropolis
Similarities and differences
One is rough and vigorous, the other is slender and gorgeous
One has strong defensiveness, the other has no defense
The layout of palace complexes with the main room as the core
Ventilation and lighting with a scattered courtyard
Irregular layout, no axis
I-shaped flat door, thick top and thin bottom stone columns
Ancient Greek architecture
Homer's Period (12th BC to 8th BC)
Ancient style period (7th to 6th century BC)
The formation of a monumental building
Column type setting
Doric column
Ioni Pillar
Classical Period (5th to 4th century BC)
The monumental building is mature and the building is prosperous
Corinthians Column
Acropolis of Athens
Acropolis layout
Acropolis Gate
Temple of Victory
Parthenon
Eriktion Temple
Hellenistic Period (4th to 2nd century BC)
Indoor synagogue and semicircular amphitheater
Ebidorus Theatre
The most complete open-air theater
New form of religious architecture
The market replaces temples and becomes the center of the city
Religion becomes mysterious
Zeus altar
Centralized monument
Trophy booth
Mausolem of Mosolem
A pyramid-style mourning hall is placed on the base, with a pyramid on the top and a bronze statue on the tower
Market open gallery and stacked column
Athos Center Square
Plane trapezoids and surrounding colonnades define space, the market and square buildings tend to be unified
Open corridor two-layer column type: upper level Ioni, lower level Doric
Neighborhood and residence
Sanheyuan and Siheyuan
Ming Hall style residence
The evolution of holy places and temples
The evolution of the column
The transition from wooden buildings to stone buildings
Three column types
Doric column
Ionique column
Corinthian column
Ancient Roman architecture
Coupon technology
Natural concrete
Get rid of the load-bearing wall
Vault system
Rib arch
The development and finalization of the column (inherited by Greece)
The contradiction between column type and voucher arch structure-- voucher column type
The contradiction between column type and multi-story building--stack column type and giant column type
The contradiction between the column type and the huge volume of Roman buildings--Composite column type
Vitruvius and the Ten Books of Architecture
Achievement
Summary of early Roman and Greek practical experiences
Lay the basic system of European building science
Establish basic principles of urban planning and architectural design, as well as design principles of various buildings
shortcoming
Intentionally ignore the major achievements of arch technology and natural volcanic ash concrete since the end of the Republic
Deep thin column ratio
Obscure text
Ancient Roman architectural contradictions
Serving the war of aggression
Arc de Triomphe
Serving the decaying life
Theater (tube arched to set up the auditorium to get rid of the limitations of natural terrain)
Marceruth Theater (semicircle)
Public baths
Karakara Baths
Gladiator
Large galaxy (stacked column type, harmonious and unified facade)
square
Republican period: public activity venues, open, free layout, independent architecture
Romanum Square
Empire Period: Emperor's Memorial, Closure, Axial Symmetry
Caesars Square: A new shape of a closed, symmetrical axis, with a temple as the main body
Augustus Square
Trajan Square: Axis symmetrical, multi-layer depth layout
temple
Pantheon: The highest representative of Roman dome technology, centralized composition, single space
Residential
Residential houses in the city of yard
apartment
Hillside residence
Adeliang leaves the palace
Dioclitium Palace
IV. European medieval architecture
Byzantine Architecture (330~1453)
Dome and centralized form
Dome and sail arch
Greek Cross
The church plane is cross-shaped, with four cylindrical arches balancing the central dome, or the four walls are replaced by domes to form a centralized architectural shape.
Decorative Art: Exquisite interior and simple appearance
Glass mosaic and pink painting
stone carving
Hagia Sophia Cathedral
Centralized, fork covered Basilica, Greek cross
Sail arch, dome, drum seat
Stained glass window., colorful marble veneer
The appearance is not independently artistically processed, and the dome is not fully reflected
Church of St. Mark
The central dome and the four small domes on all sides are held high with drum seats, with the center being the largest and highest, showing a cluster of 5 domes in appearance.
Small churches in Eastern Europe
The dome gradually becomes fuller, forming a vertical axis, completing centralized composition
Medieval Architecture in Western Europe
Early Christian architecture (the demise of Western Rome ~ 10th century)
Feudal separatist state and the church is full of sects, and the church structure is basically inherited from ancient Roman Basilica
Features: The voucher technology is lost, and the wooden trunk is used. It has a simple shape, thick walls, rough masonry, no decoration required for the church, heavy and closed, lack of vitality
Representative architecture: St. Paul's Church, St. John's Church in Rome
Roman period (10th to 12th century)
Inheriting the early Christian buildings, the plane is still Latin cross, and there are one or two bell towers to the west.
Monastery Church (starting from the 10th century)
The pilgrimage fanatic, the main builder is a monk, emphasizing the simplicity of life
The horizontal hall is well developed, with a small worship room, a semicircular ring corridor, a lighting tower, and a gorgeous decoration of the altar
City Church (starting from the 11th century)
Features
Doors and windows are shaped into eight characters, with dense lines on the slope
More decorations, bell towers are built on the west side
Heavy walls, pier or vault, narrow high hall and side corridor, deep altar, dark interior
The internal pursuit of complete and unified composition
Representative Architecture: Pisa Cathedral Group
Gothic period (12th to 15th centuries)
Religion dominates, and citizen culture hits
Oppositional links (contradictory between citizen culture and religion)
The Church seeks to combine theological dogmas
Craftsmen seek to combine with reality and ideals
Structural features of Gothic church
The rest of the skeleton is filled with vault load-bearing components, and the cross is arched into a frame-like shape.
The flying coupon removes the load, so that the central hall can open large side high windows and large-area stained glass windows
All use tip vouchers and pointed arches, with less side thrust, which helps to reduce the structure
Church shape
Skeleton voucher (frame type), fly voucher, side high window, pointed vault, fly buttress, bunched column, rose window, Latin cross, door, west facade
Representative Architecture
France: Notre Dame Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral, Hans Cathedral, St. Denis Church--the first Gothic church
United Kingdom: Salisbury Cathedral
Germany: Cologne Cathedral, Ulm Cathedral
Italy: Cathedral of Milan
Italian medieval architecture
Pisa Church
Roman style, empty coupon decoration
The Governor's Office of Venice
Courtyard style, Gothic, Islamic
Spanish medieval architecture
Grand Mosque of Godova
Alhambra Palace
V. Architecture in the period of the budding and absolute monarchy of European capitalism
Italian Renaissance and Baroque Architecture (15th to 18th centuries)
Style characteristics: Abandoning Gothic architectural style and adopting ancient Greek and Roman column composition to reflect harmony and rationality
Early (15th century, Florence as the center)
Beruneleski
The Dome of the Florence Cathedral (1431)
The symbol of the beginning of the Italian Renaissance
structure
Double center dome
Skeleton voucher structure
Hollow double-layer arch wall in the inner shell, built-in staircase for ceiling
significance
The first large dome built on a drum mount in Western Europe
The sign of spiritual autocracy that breaks through the church in architecture
Using a drum seat, the dome is fully displayed
Signs the universal advancement of science and technology in the Renaissance
Nursery (1419)
The facade adopts classical techniques such as Corinthian voucher-style open corridors and horizontal eaves.
The colonnade structure is Byzantine, covered by domes and connected by sails
A rectangular closed square in front
Bazi Chapel (1420)
Centralized church with rectangular plane
Internal and external shapes are controlled by column
Micairozo
Medici Mansion
In order to pursue a sense of stability, the three-layer walls are treated differently.
The bottom layer is made of rough stone
The second layer uses flat stones, but leave wider and deeper joints
The third layer is grinding stone to the seam
The eaves are thicker, about 2 meters above the length, and the thickness is the same as the ratio of the window hole.
High period (Rome as the center from the late 15th century to the first half of the 16th century)
Bramant
Roman Tambieto (1510)
Centralized form, full dome, cylindrical hall and drum seat, Doric corridor
Typical representative of the monumental style of Renaissance architecture in the heyday
Sangaro
Farnis Mansion in Rome (1546)
Raphael
Florence Pandofini House
Gentle and elegant, the exterior wall is made of painted and stone, reflecting the exploration of techniques during the heyday of the Renaissance.
Michelangelo
Style: Treat architecture as carving, giant column style, round sculpture decoration, and do not strictly adhere to structural logic
Library of Laurenziana, Florence
Rome Cabido Mountain Municipal Plaza
The dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
Shansovino
St. Mark's Library
Late period (in the second half of the 16th century, Weijinzhai was the center)
Two tendencies
The ancients are not transformed, the worship of dogmatism is ancient
Pursuing novel and sophisticated technique
Palladio
Vijinzhai Basilica
Paradio motto
Round Hall Villa (1552)
Olympic Theater (1584)
The first to transform an amphitheater into an indoor theater
Published in 1570's "Four Books of Architecture"
Vinora
Villa III of Yulia (1555)
Expand depth
Strive to open and weaken the boundaries between indoor and outdoor
Introduce the height difference of the terrain into the building
Published in 1562 "Five Column Specifications"
Square building complex
Piazza Annonzia, Florence (Alberti)
The early, most complete square
Three-sided cardboard, emphasizing the longitudinal axis
Rome Municipal Square (Michelangelo)
Plane trapezoid, asymmetry, axis, short sides of trapezoid, large steps
Piazza San Marco
Two trapezoidal squares are combined, with rich spatial variations
Active Theory
Alberty's "On Architecture"
Pallardio's "Four Books of Architecture"
Vignola "Five Column Specifications"
St. Peter's Basilica
Construction process (1506-1612)
Bramant's plan
Greek Cross (1506～1514)
Raphael
Old Latin Cross
Paluci
Re-operated in 1534, and the centralized resumption was unsuccessful
Sangaro
In 1536, the Latin Cross was maintained as a whole, with the eastern part approaching Bramute, and the western Greek Cross replaced Basilica.
Michelangelo
The plan of the restoration of the design of Bramant in 1547
Vinora
In 1564, a small dome with four corners was designed and Byzantine buildings were introduced.
Madana
Demolition of the front facade designed by Michelangelo, adding a three-span Basilica Hall before the Greek cross, the dome commanding role is lost
Bernieni
significance
The dome is truly spherical, with strong integrity and full contour
Damage to St. Peter's Basilica marks the end of Italian Renaissance architecture
Baroque architecture
feature
Show off wealth, pursue novelty, and tend to nature
Early Baroque (late 16th century to early 17th century)
Vinora
Jesuit Church (1575)
The first baroque building, Latin cross
Irregular rhythm, I like to use double pillars
Highlight vertical division, stacked column type, base, eaves, and mountain flowers broken
Strong volume and light and shadow changes
Intentionally create unusual and surprising new forms
Manufacturing dynamics, instability, spatial flow
Late Baroque (after the 17th century)
Polomini
1667 San Carlo Church
Internal space ellipse
Bernieni
Church of St. Andres in 1678
St. Peter's Church Square in 1586
Fontanna
Popolo Square in the first half of the 17th century
VI. Asian feudal social architecture
Middle-aged Islamic architecture
scope
Architecture of the Arab Empire in the 7th to 13th centuries
The Ottoman Empire after the 14th century
Architecture in the Persian Safi Dynasty, India, Central Asia and other countries in the 16th to 18th centuries
Main building types: mosque, mausoleum, palace
Main shape of mosque
Enclosed courtyard with colonnades around it and a wash basin in the courtyard. It is widened toward Mecca to make a temple of worship
Representative examples
The Temple of Holy Stone in Jerusalem
Damascus Grand Mosque (early largest)
Grand Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
Taj Mausoleum of India
Islamic architecture
mosque
Taj-Mahal Mausoleum
The overall layout of the building complex is perfect, and the mausoleum is the only center
The tomb itself is solemn and bright
Proficient in the law of uniform composition opposition
India
Buddhist architecture
Stupa: Hemispherical building
grotto
Zhiti Cave
Vihara
Buddha Tower
Vajra Throne Tower
Japan
Shrine Building
Ise Shrine (created by gods in the 6th century)
Substitute manufacturing
Bird House
Kitano Shrine (built in the 7th century)
Chinese Buddhism was introduced to Japan
Tang Pofeng
Buddhist temple architecture (introduced to Japan in the 6th century)
Early Buddhist temples (early 7th century, ruled by the emperor)
feature
Beam system
The layout of the overall plane, introverted courtyard and symmetry axis
Main building types, such as main halls and towers
Single report, secretly created
Falong Temple
The oldest extant building in Japan
Tang Zhaoti Temple in 759
Monk Jianzhen hosted by, Chinese Tang Dynasty memorial architectural style
Middle-term Buddhist temples (nationalization and secularization after the mid-10th century)
Heroism and the Age of Warriors
Amitabha Hall
1053 Phoenix Hall
Later, many stylized (local styles flourished from the 13th to the 14th centuries, and the samurai class)
and formula
Inheriting Buddhist architecture in the Tang Dynasty and joining shrine architecture factors
Overhead floor, exterior wall panels, wooden boards in a direction, extending out of the platform, tween the Shu pillar
Tang style
The introduction of Buddhist Zen from China into the Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas of the Song Dynasty
The plane layout is arranged in depth according to the axis, with tween seats, lower hangs, heavy hunches, and mind-setting
Indian style
Pure Land Hall in 1192
The construction practices of Fujian and Zhejiang were introduced to Fujian and Zhejiang in China
Capital and Palace
capital
Pingcheng Jing
Tiaofang system, left and right
Peaceful Beijing
Tiefang system
Residential shape
Sleeping hall building (upper aristocrats from the 8th to the 11th century)
The main house is in the middle, with a pond in front and a matching house on both sides, connected by an open veranda
The main hall was built (the first to the 11th to the 15th century was built into a bedroom hall, and the lower academy was built, with a transitional shape)
There is no veranda and wing room, the hall body is asymmetrical, and the bedroom itself is complicated
Academic creation (after the 17th century)
Interior decoration, building floors are overheaded into high beds
Teahouse (mid-15th to late 16th century)
Caoanfeng Tea Room
Combined with wild gardens, seeking change in small ways
Send the house and the house
The house built by Shujiwufeng is the predecessor of the modern Hefeng house
Farmhouse style residence
City wall
Tianshou Pavilion
garden
Freehand style
Dead mountains and water
Back-to-sport
The difference between back-trip gardens and Ming and Qing gardens
Building proportion
Different stones
Architectural sketch
Flowers, plants and trees
VII. Bourgeois Revolution to the first half of the 19th century
Bourgeois Revolution
United Kingdom: St. Paul's Cathedral
France: Bordeaux Theatre, Pantheon, Newton Memorial (Plan, Triomphe), Military Merit Temple, Arc de Triomphe of the Lion
Classical Revival
France (Roman style): Pantheon, Arc de Triomphe
British (Greek style): British Museum, Edinburgh High School
Germany (Greek style): Brandenburg Gate, Berlin Palace Theatre
United States (Roman style): U.S. Capitol
romanticism
First Romanticism: Imitate the medieval castle and pursue exoticism
Post-Romanceism (Gothic Revival): UK Parliament
Eclecticism
Paris Opera House, Church of Sacred Heart
Large-scale industrial production and development
Crystal Palace in the UK (Paxton), Eiffel Tower in France, Mechanical Pavilion