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MindMap Gallery History of foreign architecture - the budding stage of European capitalism and the period of absolute monarchy
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History of foreign architecture - the budding stage of European capitalism and the period of absolute monarchy
It is suitable for postgraduate entrance examinations in architecture and the study of foreign architectural history, including Italian Renaissance architecture, Italian Baroque, French classicism, etc.
Edited at 2023-12-18 22:09:49
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History of foreign architecture - the budding stage of European capitalism and the period of absolute monarchy
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The bud of European capitalism and the period of absolute monarchy
background
Capitalism sprouted in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe in the 15th century
Renaissance
The humanist movement in the ideological and cultural field centered in Italy is called the "Renaissance" because it takes the revival of classical culture as an important method.
In the mid-16th century, feudal forces returned to power
17th century, Baroque
In the 18th century, the French bourgeois revolutionary Enlightenment
italian renaissance architecture
background
The emerging bourgeoisie emerged, the economy developed, and the ideas of equality and freedom flourished.
Archeology, Greek civilization, reappearance of classical culture preserved by Rome
Strict classical column style re-controls architectural layout and composition
New architectural shapes, spatial combinations, artistic techniques and forms
Improvements in plane and space layout
Dome of Florence Cathedral
The beginning of the Italian Renaissance
architect
Brunelleschi
structure
Place the dome on a 12m high drum base (4.9m thick)
Reduce dome side thrust
The outline of the dome adopts a sagittal shape, with roughly double center points.
Using a skeleton coupon structure, the inside and outside of the dome are divided into two layers, with a hollow space in the middle.
There are 8 main coupons rising from the 8 corners of the octagon, and there are two secondary coupons on each of the 8 sides. Between each two coupons, 9 flat coupons are built from top to bottom to connect the primary and secondary coupons into a whole. The top is bounded by an 8-sided ring, and a lighting pavilion (made of marble) is pressed on the ring.
A horizontal circular corridor is set up between the inner and outer domes with a height of about 1/3 and 2/3 to enhance the integrity of the dome.
There is an iron chain at the bottom of the dome and a wooden hoop at nearly 1/3 of the height to resist the side thrust of the dome.
significance
It is a symbol of breaking through the spiritual tyranny of the church in architecture.
Churches exclude centralized planes and domes
A symbol of the original spirit of the Renaissance
Using a drum base, the dome is fully expressed, with a total height of 107m, becoming the center of the entire city's outline.
Symbol of the general progress of science and technology during the Renaissance
structure, construction
evaluate
The first work of the Italian Renaissance, Primrose of the New Age
course
pioneer
Features
Public buildings become the main buildings in the Civic Center Square
Architectural style: bright, light, approachable and approachable
Column style is re-used, but not very rigorous, and the composition is lively, emphasizing only one facade along the street
The main building in the Municipal Center Square of the Public Construction City; bright and lively; the composition is lively, emphasizing only one facade along the street
Example
Nursery
Brunelleschi
The courtyard has a long gallery on the front facing Annuncia Square (continuous coupons are directly mounted on the Corinthian columns)
Continuous coupon corridor on the ground floor
The second-story windows are small, the walls are large, the moldings are delicate, the walls are smooth and clean, the cornices are light and thin, the contrast between the upper and lower voids is strong, the facade composition is simple, well-proportioned and pleasant in scale
Second floor, small windows and large walls, contrast between virtual and real, simple composition and well-proportioned
The structure of the corridor is Byzantine, each room is covered with a dome, and the sail arch is connected below.
Basi Chapel
Brunelleschi
evaluate
Representative buildings of the early Renaissance in the first half of the 15th century
Form borrowed from Byzantine style
style
Brisk, elegant, concise, clear; clear and easy
Early Renaissance architecture not only revived classical architecture, but also introduced Byzantine architectural techniques and styles
Turn to the court
background
The Medici family established a dictatorship, the civil class declined, and the Renaissance turned to the palace and study
Stained with aristocratic colors and clearly separated from citizen culture
Example
Medici Palace
Rough stone masonry
The bottom layer is rough-hewn, the second layer is flat, and the third layer is smooth.
Screen type along the street facade
The ground floor of the inner courtyard is surrounded by a wide continuous corridor with 3 bays.
The plan is compact and neat, and the shape only highlights one front facade facing the street, pursuing the power of bullying.
architect
Mekai Luo Zhuo
"On Architecture"
alberti
High Renaissance
background
In the 16th century, new sea routes were opened and Italy lost its economic status.
France and Italy's long war
Construction sector
Extensive surveying and mapping to study ancient ruins
"Ten Books on Architecture" is widely disseminated
The Roman column is widely and strictly used
Pursue majestic, strong, monumental style
Axis composition and centralized composition are often used to create a solemn architectural image.
Differences from the early Renaissance
The artist is attached to the church
The work is large in size, superhuman in scale, and arrogant in style, and no longer feels peaceful or cordial.
Example
St. Peter's Basilica
The greatest buildings of the Renaissance
Tambierto
A typical representative of the monumental style of High Renaissance architecture
Bramont
The dome that stands high on the drum base dominates the overall situation. It has a centralized shape and a circular plane. It is surrounded by a Doric colonnade and a tomb underground.
Strong sense of volume, strong and vigorous
Centralized circular building, surrounded by a Doric colonnade, with rich layers, contrasting the virtual and the solid, and an underground tomb.
The dome that stands high above the drum base dominates the overall centralized shape.
Farnese House
Pursue majestic monumentality
Little Sangallo
Closed courtyard, 3 floors, with strong longitudinal axis and secondary transverse axis, basilica-shaped foyer
The facade is very large
decline
background
In the mid-16th century, feudal power was further consolidated and the nobility was restored
In the second half of the 16th century, during the late Renaissance, artists were obedient servants of the Holy See.
formalism
Two tendencies
Adhere to the past, dogmatically worship the past
karachi brothers
Later, it played a significant role in the birth of French classical architecture and art.
Representative work: St. Andrew's Church
Vignola
The plane is rectangular, the dome is oval in plane, and the columns are rigorous and cold.
The dogmatic column style was absorbed into the academic classical architecture of the 17th century and exploited by the absolute monarchy.
Pursue novelty and ingenuity
"Mannerism"
Representative works
Villa of Pope Pius IV
Villa Medici
It was exploited by reactionary Catholics in the 17th century and developed into "Baroque"
Progressive ideas have been stifled, architectural art has lost its positive significance, and the objective conditions for creating new styles have not yet emerged.
Restoration of form
The Church forcibly restored the Latin Cross
Example
jesuit church in rome
Vignola
Villa Farnese
flat
Paruzzi
Hosting completed
Vignola
architect
Early days
Brunelleschi
Founder of the Early Renaissance
Creation always maintains close contact with citizen culture
Reintroducing the Classical Cornice
Re-introducing classicism into the architectural world
Create a new architectural image
Representative works
Domes of Florence, Basi Chapel, Infantry House
prime period
Bramont
Founder of the High Renaissance
Pursue solemnity, majesty, vigor and strength
Representative works
Tambierto
The first masterpiece of the High Renaissance
Renovation of the Vatican Palace
St. Peter's Basilica Plan
Michelangelo (Michelangelo)
"The Citizen's Son"
He tends to treat buildings as sculptures, using strong volume and light and shadow contrast to give buildings a strong and upright spirit.
Emphasis on volume
Like to use deep niches, protruding moldings, pediments
I like the giant column style and often use round sculptures for decoration.
Do not strictly follow the logic of building structure
Facade treatment techniques for interior architecture
Medici Family Temple
Foyer of the Laurentian Library
Representative works
Laurentian Library Grand Stairs
Capitol Hill Municipal Plaza
Change the back of the city hall to the front (originally facing the ancient Roman city) as the main building of the square
Make the back side of the Capitoline Square face the old city center of Rome and become the new city center
It not only protects the priceless architectural heritage, but also gives the new urban area a broad space for development.
Dome of St. Peter's Basilica
Raphael
Court painter, beautiful, elegant, peaceful and harmonious
The volume has small undulations, thin-walled columns are often used, the exterior walls are plastered, and slender gray plastics are often used for decoration, emphasizing horizontal divisions.
Representative works
Pandolfini House
Madan Villa
Later, he devoted himself to the surveying and mapping of ancient Roman ruins.
Venetian architectural representative
Feel free to use classical and medieval techniques
architect
longpadu
Ventramini House
Strict column organization facade
There are lively rhythmic changes in the openings
The windows are characteristic of medieval Gothic architecture
Light, cheerful, harmonious proportions, elegant style
St. Mark's School
Long Batu and his sons and Gunduchi
Free composition, 6 bays, divided into two groups, with clear priorities
San Sorvino
Cornell House
The bays are neat, the columns are rigorous, and the style is vigorous
The ground floor is made of heavy stone as the base, and the upper one or two floors are made of columns (a facade produced during the High Renaissance)
Pompeii mansion
St. Mark's Library
On the south side of Piazza San Marco, parallel to the Doge's Palace
It has two floors. The lower floor has a gallery for public activities in the square, and the second floor hall serves as a reading room.
Facade: 21 continuous columns on the upper and lower floors. The cornice decoration coordinates with the main church.
The upper and lower floors are continuous column-type open corridors, with a simple and simple shape and a strong sense of volume.
Laying the foundation for the city of Venice
Late stage
Vignola
"Five Column Type Specifications"
Impact on the European continent
Villa Iulia III
Buildings and courtyards are spaced on a 120m vertical axis, with gates, colonnades, and distant views. There is a decorative combination column on the end wall. The volume scale is reduced one by one (perspective method) and the depth is expanded.
Strive to be open and weaken the boundaries between indoor and outdoor
Introduce the terrain height difference into the building and arrange a three-step courtyard according to the terrain.
The front facade has a uniform composition and a bright and simple style.
Jesuit ancestral hall
Palladio
"Four Books on Architecture"
Influence on British Architecture
Vijinzhai Basilica (Palladio’s hometown)
"Palladian Motif"
Issue coupons proportionally in the middle of each bay, put the coupon feet on independent small pillars, and put small squares on them. Use two sets of columns to solve the problem of bay scale.
Mansion
Features
Most of the planes are rectangular or square, with the second floor mainly used for miscellaneous tasks on the ground floor.
The second floor is divided into left, middle and right. The front and rear of the center are divided into halls and living rooms, and the left and right are bedrooms and living rooms. They are arranged symmetrically.
Simple geometric shape
Example
Rotunda Villa
The colonnade is deep, adding layers, strengthening light and shadow, and penetrating inside and outside.
The priorities are clear, the axis is clear, the composition of each part is closely related, and the form is unified and complete.
Appearance: clear and simple geometric composition, concise and concise
function yields to form
Olympic Theater
The first to convert an open-air theater into an indoor theater
Using perspective, there are 3 door openings on the front and one on each side. Through them, you can see the scenery.
Palucci
Maximi Mansion
Alisi
Alisi and his students raised the design of the mansion to the highest level of the Renaissance
Doria's Mansion
Siheyuan style
Strictly square structural grid, simple and neat layout
Follow the terrain
open
There is a circle of verandas upstairs, downstairs, and along the inner courtyard.
square
Square buildings gradually get rid of independent individual designs and accidental make-shifts, and gradually pay attention to the integrity of the building complex.
Example
Piazza Annuncia
Early, most complete square
Rectangular, At one end of the long axis is a 13th-century Annuncia church (Alberti renovated the facade and built a seven-bay gallery); On the left, the Nursery (Brunelleschi); On the right, the monastery (gallery)
The church is not high and its main position is not prominent. Statues and fountains are used to strengthen the axis.
There is a 10m wide street in front of the square. The entrance is diagonally facing the dome of the Florence Cathedral and is connected to the commanding heights of the city.
There are open corridors on three sides, with pleasant scale and simple style.
Roman Forum (Capido Hill Municipal Plaza)
Facing the municipal square towards the new district and facing away from the old district, guide urban development to the new district where there is room.
Separate the new development area of the ancient city from the cultural relics protection area
Effective Strategies for the Protection of Post-European Historical and Cultural Ancient Cities
Change the back of the city hall to the front
A large step was added in front of it (to emphasize the status of the city hall)
The short side of the trapezoid is completely open, facing the large green space at the foot of the mountain. There are three pairs of statues in the foreground, emphasizing the axis.
Michelangelo
Piazza San Marco
One of the most remarkable architectural complexes in the world
Europe's most beautiful living room
layout
It consists of two parts: a large square and a small square. The large square runs east-west and to the north; the small square runs north-south, connecting the large square and the entrance of the Grand Canal.
Grand Place
East end, 11th-century Byzantine, St. Mark's Basilica
North side, (Old Town Hall Long Batu)
Determine square length
South side, New Town Hall (Scamozzi)
The lower two floors mirror the San Marco Library, and the third floor matches the old City Hall.
The west end, connecting the old and new municipal buildings, adopts the style of St. Mark's Library
Trapezoidal, 175m long from east to west, 90m from east to west, 56m from west to west
Small Square
Between the Doge's Palace and St. Mark's Library (the Doge's Palace is next to St. Mark's Basilica, and the library is connected to the New Municipal Building)
The center line of the small square roughly coincides with St. Mark's Basilica
Trapezoid, with the narrow southern end opening to the mouth of the Grand Canal, facing the Church on the Island (Palladio)
At the intersection of the large and small squares, there is a square red brick tower, 100m (about 10m from the St. Mark's Library)
Features
geometry
Use trapezoidal square, good perspective effect, simple and pure
Clear priorities
The space has clear priorities, and large and small trapezoidal squares are combined into a composite space.
Unified style
The form is unified and coordinated. All buildings are based on the theme of issuance of coupons, divided horizontally, with a neat skyline and horizontal expansion.
spatial variation
There is a limited space between the large and small squares, and between the small square and the entrance street. The facade of the church and bell tower protrudes from the small square, which not only displays the building facade, but also separates the square. It is a through-center axis.
unity of opposites
The horizontal layout is in opposition to the vertical axis of the bell tower, and the facades are coordinated to form the principle of unity of opposites in the composition of the building complex.
borrow by chance
Introduce the island church into the square building complex
theory
alberti
"On Architecture"
The most important theoretical work of the Italian Renaissance
Heyday (creative, comprehensive, focusing on humanistic ideas, focusing on discussing basic theories)
Practical, economical and beautiful
Beauty is objective, beauty is intrinsic and different from decoration
Beauty is harmonious and complete
The law of beauty lies in the harmony of geometry and number
Palladio
"Four Books on Architecture"
Late period (tending towards rationalism and dogmatism, focusing on columnar composition and refinement of each part)
Beauty arises from form
There is a master and a second
The transcendental, theological and objective idealism of the laws of beauty hinder the development of architectural art towards realism
Vignola
"Five Column Type Specifications"
The originator of the two opposing tendencies of formalism and academic dogmatism
St. Peter's Basilica
The greatest monument of the Italian Renaissance
The highest achievement of Italian architecture, structure and construction in the 16th century
course
one
Bramont
Greek cross style, with four longer arms and similar smaller cross-shaped spaces at the four corners. There are four square towers on the outside with exactly the same facade. The drum base has a ring corridor, together with the dome.
two
Raphael
The east remains unchanged, 120m of basilica is added, the west facade becomes the main facade, Latin cross plan
three
Little Sangallo
The smaller Greek cross was adopted in the west, making centralization more dominant.
Four
Michelangelo
Abandon the Latin cross, restore the centralized composition, enlarge the piers supporting the four domes, simplify the four-corner layout, and raise the domes with a full outline. The volume composition far exceeds the facade composition
Paulda, Fontaine
Complete the dome
five
Madonna
17c The facade was removed and a three-span basilica was added to the Greek cross. The internal space and external shape of the church were destroyed.
Marks the end of the Renaissance
Better than the Dome of Florence
True spherical surface with strong integrity (Florence has eight petals)
In order to reduce side thrust, Florence has a longer profile, and its profile is full, only slightly higher than the hemispherical shape, which is more perfect in structure and construction.
Italian Baroque
background
Baroque prevailed in Italy in the 17th century
Baroque "Deformed Pearl"
feature
Show off wealth (materials, decoration)
Pursue novelty (architectural image, techniques)
tend to nature
The building gradually opens up and the decoration
Cities and buildings often have a solemn, powerful and joyful atmosphere
Representative works
A group of Catholic churches in Rome are representative buildings of the Baroque style.
church
Based on the Jesuit ancestral church (Vignola), Latin cross style, the side corridors were converted into several worship rooms
spring
Irregular rhythm jumps
Highlight vertical divisions
Pursue strong volume and light and shadow changes
Deliberately create abnormal and surprising new forms
Manufacturing dynamics
Representative works
santa suzanne church
The facade composition is rigorous, rich in changes without losing the overall sense, emphasizing vertical volume, very compact and powerful
architect
Borromini
San Carlo Church
Representative works of late baroque churches
Bernini
St. Andrew's Church
artistic expression
mural
Play with perspective to create an illusion of space
Bright colors and strong contrast
Dynamic composition
Sculpture
Penetrate into building components
Some sculptures have no definite compositional relationship with buildings
Very dynamic, a few are placed in niches
often naturalistic
penetrate into the painting
Become an independent work of art rather than an accessory building decoration
Town square
Piazza del Popolo
Fontaine
Create 3 straight roads leading to the city gate, with the axes intersecting at the city gate and an obelisk placed at the focus
With the obelisk as the center, an oblong square is formed, with open sides and connected to the hillside.
Introducing green space into city squares
Square in front of St. Peter's Basilica
Bernini
With the obelisk as the center, it is a horizontal oval
It is connected to the church by a trapezoidal square, and the ground of the square gradually rises towards the church.
Perspective, deepen the sense of scale
Both squares are surrounded by colonnades
Piazza Navona
oblong, closed (Bolomini)
"Fountain of Four Rivers"
spanish steps
Connecting two adjacent arterial roads with large height differences, the plane looks like a large vase
Unique wonders in urban construction
Mansion
Barberini House
Connected hall style, creating multi-level and far-reaching perspectives in the space
Carignano mansion
Galini
Contradiction
Vigorous new ideas, techniques, and styles are widely used in religious and secular architecture
Irrational, abnormal, and formalistic tendencies are criticized and resisted by classicism
french classicism
background
17th century, slightly later than the same period as Italian Baroque
At the end of the 15th century, the urban bourgeoisie unified the country and established a centralized nation-state, with palace culture taking the lead.
With the formation of absolute monarchy, classical culture was formed
Pay attention to rationality, clarity and stability
In the second half of the 17th century, High Classicism drew on many Baroque art
Features
Control the entire composition with columns
The composition is simple, the shape is very geometric, the axis is clear, the priorities are orderly, complete and unified
The giant column composition technique is mature
Use the central hall to dominate the interior space
Advocate for rationality and authenticity in architecture, and oppose the expression of emotions and emotions
Not rejecting decoration, a large amount of Baroque is incorporated into the interior
Dependent on palace architecture, too serious and cold and arrogant
Early stage
Merchant Castle
The largest palace in the Royal Valley
The first palace after the king unified France, the first monument of the nation-state
Asay-le-Lidu House
Curved plane, facing water on three sides
Geometric plane, symmetrical, slightly protruding from the central axis
Palace of Fontainebleau
François I Gallery (designed by painter Primatigio)
Elegant, gorgeous and full of vitality
heyday
background
second half of 17th century
Palace monumental buildings are the most important representatives of classical architecture
Louvre east facade
F. Levo, Lebhen, K. Perot
Sign of the maturity of French classical architecture
Total length 127m, height 28m
The upper and lower parts are divided into three parts according to the complete column shape.
The bottom floor is the base, 9.9m
The middle section is a two-story giant pillar, 13.3m
The empty colonnade formed by giant columns and double columns is simple, concise and rich in layers.
Re-listing is the eaves and parapet
It is divided into five sections on the left and right, with the central section as the main facade composition and a clear main axis.
The composition uses simple geometric structures
Fou-le-Vigon House
The first to infuse classical principles into garden art— Horseman's Garden
"Equestrian's Garden"
Symmetrical layout with prominent axis
The plan is centered on the oval living room, and the dome is also the center of the external form.
The axis mansion is extended into the axis of the park
All green sketches are geometrically symmetrical patterns.
Palace of Versailles
An important monument to the absolute monarchy of France
designer
Louis Levau
architecture
Lebhen
indoor
Renault Hai
landscape
Hu A. Mensa
architecture
palace
Divided into three parts, the center is where the king and queen live; the south wing is where the princes and princesses live; the north wing is the royal office, including a church and a theater; the facade has a classical three-section composition
Gallery of Mirrors
The most important hall of the Palace of Versailles, where major ceremonies are held. The 17 large mirrors on the east wall face the large floor-to-ceiling windows, introducing the garden scenery.
garden
The central axis is 3km long from east to west and is an extension of the central axis of the mansion.
The secondary circumference of the horizontal axis is symmetrically arranged along the east-west direction, and the garden composition is all geometric.
radioactive avenue
To the east of the palace, there are three radioactive boulevards, the center of which leads to Paris (referring to the Place Popolo)
evaluate
The monument reflects the monarchy, represents the most advanced culture in Europe at that time, and has a great influence on European urban planning.
New Church of Enwalid
One of the most complete classical monuments of the 17th century
The first fully classicist church
Hu A. Mensa
Greek cross plane and centralized shape, drum base raised high, full dome, 105m, becoming the center of a regional composition
Combining the dome of the Pantheon with the Baroque church ceiling painting
spread widely
The interior of the church is bright, the decoration is very restrained, and the column combination is rigorous and logical.
Simple appearance, clear geometry, solemn and harmonious
Outer Classicism, Inner Baroque
Place Vendôme
Regular geometric shape, closed, surrounded by one color
Hu A. Mensa
Rectangular plane, with the four corners erased and a short street opened in the middle of the short side
The square building has three floors. There is a coupon gallery and shops on the ground floor; the upper two floors are residential.
Become a French shopping street and square tradition
At the intersection of the horizontal and vertical axes, there is an equestrian bronze statue of Louis XIV.
Rococo
background
The new literary and artistic trend full of makeup
feature
It is mainly reflected in the interior decoration of the mansion, and its appearance and shape also have corresponding characteristics.
The pattern and style of city squares changed accordingly
Gardening art tends toward nature and abandons geometry
Mansion
Not seeking ostentation, but seeking benefits
Clear floor plan divisions
decorate
Soft, delicate and delicate
Exclude all architectural motifs
Representative works
The living room of the Soubis house in Paris
Bo Fuhang
square
No longer closed, often partially open on three sides, echoing nature, less serious and rigid, more relaxed and lively
Nancy Square Group
Bovehang, Eric de Gauny
Three squares in series
At the north end is the transverse oblong Royal Plaza
At the south end is the rectangular Place Louis XV
A long and narrow horse racing square connects the
Total length 450m, symmetrically arranged along the longitudinal axis
half open half closed
Harmony Square
Ya-on Gabriel
completely open
Square 247*172, four corners slightly erased
The main symbol is the equestrian bronze statue of Louis XV
It plays an excellent role in the transition from the Durery Garden to the Elysée Avenue, and has become an important hub on the main axis of Paris from the Durery Palace to the Place de l'Etoile.
Palladian
little trianon
Ya-on Gabriel
Simple shape, harmonious proportions, complete composition and elegant style
The square became a symbol of the Baroque city with its three-way intersection.
Architectural changes from the domes of Florence to the destruction of St. Peter's Basilica reflect the historical and social changes in the infancy of capitalism, and the firmness of the ideological and technical principles of the giants of this era.
Vignola and Palladio are considered the founders of European academic classical architecture.