A collection of interconnected devices.

Enables communication and resource sharing.

Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Hybrid topologies.

Advantages and disadvantages of each topology.

Facilitates data sharing and communication.

Supports access to shared resources.

Covers a small geographic area, like a home or office.

High data transfer speeds and low latency.

Spans large geographic areas, connecting multiple LANs.

Examples include the internet, phone lines, and satellites.

Connects networks within a city.

Could link several LANs across different locations.

Covers a very small area, typically within a range of a few meters.

Often used for connecting personal devices like smartphones and tablets.

Connect multiple networks and route data packets.

Operate both at Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI model.

Connect devices within a LAN and manage data traffic.

Operate at Layer 2 (Data Link layer) of the OSI model.

Basic networking device that connects multiple Ethernet devices.

Operates at the Physical layer of the OSI model.

Modulate and demodulate signals for data transmission over phone lines.

Connects a computer or router to the internet.

A set of rules governing data transmission.

Crucial for communication between devices.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A conceptual framework that standardizes network communication.

Divided into seven layers from Physical to Application.

Layer 1: Physical Layer

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Layer 3: Network Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Layer 5: Session Layer

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

Layer 7: Application Layer

A more simplified model than OSI with four layers.

Basis for the internet and network communication.

Layer 1: Network Interface Layer

Layer 2: Internet Layer

Layer 3: Transport Layer

Layer 4: Application Layer

A unique identifier for devices on a network.

Used for communication between devices.

IPv4

IPv6

Static IP Addresses

Dynamic IP Addresses

Different layers perform distinct functions in network communication.

Each layer interacts with the layers above and below it.

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Protects data and resources from unauthorized access and breaches.

Ensures data integrity, confidentiality, and availability.

Firewalls

Encryption

Authentication Protocols

Malware, phishing, DDoS attacks, and more.

Defense strategies for these attacks.

Planning network layout based on requirements.

Selecting appropriate hardware and software components.

Configuring devices and establishing connections.

Conducting diagnostics to ensure proper functionality.

Troubleshooting any configuration issues.

The process of maintaining and administering network resources.

Ensures optimal performance and system reliability.

Monitoring software to track network usage and performance.

Configuration tools for managing network settings and devices.

Connectivity problems, slow speeds, hardware failures.

Identifying root causes effectively.

Isolating the issue and checking hardware connections.

Reviewing configuration settings and logs for errors.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN)

Internet of Things (IoT)

Email, social media, and messaging apps.

Remote work, collaboration tools, and cloud computing.

Home automation devices connected to the internet.

Online learning platforms and virtual classrooms.]