Decoration says

Game says

Labor theory

Imitation theory

religion

The earliest concept of witchcraft was totem worship, which was the earliest form of religion, and it was marked by the concept of totem. Totem is Indian and also a transliteration of Indian, toten, which means relatives and marks. Many clan primitives believed that each clan originated from various specific species, most of which were animals, plants, and a few were natural climate phenomena. Art emerged in the process of portraying the totem

From not fixed to fixed

From untidy to neat

From asymmetry to symmetry

It can be proved that in many places, even in all places, pottery occurs by coating clay on knitting or wooden containers. The purpose is to make them fire-resistant. When the fire burns and the knitting or wooden objects disappear, people find that the molded clay in container-shaped form can also achieve the same purpose, and pottery is produced.

It is divided into painted pottery, red pottery (containing iron), gray pottery (weak reduction atmosphere), black pottery (strong reduction atmosphere), white pottery (iron content is less than 2%), and printed pottery

Original people-oriented realistic aesthetic thoughts

Made of smelting and casting with an alloy of red copper and tin (sometimes containing a small amount of lead) as raw materials, it is referred to as copper ware for short

The relics of bronze are artistic treasures that combine painting, sculpture, arts and crafts.

Bronze ware not only has diverse shapes, but also has varied decorative techniques. The casting technology reflects the highest level at that time.

In the slave society, characters and animals from myths and fantasies appeared in bronze art works. It can be said that artists fully utilized their imagination and idealized the things they expressed. This creative method embodies the obvious romantic idea. However, this romantic idea is still combined with real life.

Romanticism with realism

Representative: Four Sheep Square Zun

Representative: Feng Kui Beauty (the earliest existing silk painting in my country), a dragon-controlling figure

During the Warring States Period, developments were progressing rapidly, generally red and or black, red-based red-based black-based red-based black-based black-based pattern, usually red-based black-based pattern

During the Spring and Autumn Period, small pieces are mostly used, and symbolic techniques are used to express them.

During the Warring States Period, the budding of socialism appeared in jade, mostly for daily life or decoration products.

Majestic and great, magnificent

Representatives: Qin Great Wall, Afang Palace, Terracotta Warriors

Representatives: Eastern Han acrobatic figurines, Eastern Han rap figurines, Eastern Han opera figurines

The Han Dynasty pottery figurines have changed from aristocratic to mythological transformation to more lifelike, leisure and entertainment.

Fearing that murals cannot be maintained for a long time, they are carved on stones and carved on stones, but unlike sculptures, they are only available in the Han Dynasty, so they are called Han paintings.

Representative: Banquet and entertainment pictures, Six Immortals, Harvest

Main content

The introduction of Buddhist art

Grotto art

Intellectual professional painters have stepped onto the stage of history and brought new art

Landscape painting becomes independent and develops

Character painting flourishes

Figure painting has achieved outstanding achievements in national artistic style

Flower and bird paintings start, colorful

Landscape paintings have created new forms and styles

Combining history and theory creates a complete system for writing general history of painting

"Records of Famous Paintings of All Ages" has long been regarded as the first systematic and complete general history of painting in China. It has the nature of an "encyclopedia" of painting at that time. It has a milestone significance in the development of Chinese painting history.

Use ink and five colors to form, which is called obtaining the meaning

Landscape, flowers and bird paintings dominate

The Academy of Painting was established

Literary paintings flourish

Excellent achievements in historical painting and customs painting

Ming and Qing dynasties were the golden age of Chinese printmaking, and the engraving industry achieved brilliant achievements

Wooden New Year paintings

Zhejiang school

Wupai

Four great monks

Yangzhou Painting School

Western Painting Department

Oriental Painting Department

Silk painting

Ink painting

painting

Watercolor painting

The white paper of watercolor painting is left with white paper, while the oil painting is piled with white paint

Chalk drawing

Gouache painting

print

Acrylic painting

Pencil drawing

Cloth sticker

Pen drawing

Glass painting

Can be appreciated from all directions

Carved on a wall or cave, so there is only one side to enjoy

According to the depth, it can be divided into high, medium, low relief sculptures

Penetrating, so breathable

Clothing, furniture, etc.

No practical value, used for display

Functional requirements

Material structure

Art Form

Majestic and simple, the materials are all stone blocks weighing several tons

Representative: Pharaoh's Mausoleum

Ancient Kingdom Period

Fourth Dynasty

The Middle Kingdom Period

New Kingdom Period (18-22 Dynasty): Temple, Enjoyment Hall, Obelisk, etc.

Features

Positive law

The Middle Kingdom Period

New Kingdom Period

Early kingdoms were represented by papyrus paintings

Ancient Kingdom Period

New Kingdom Period

Ceramic crafts

Stone crafts

Glass glaze technology

Metal Process

Wood crafts

Bull, jackal, lion, crocodile, cobra, eagle

Eagle God, Cat God, Red Crane God, Crocodile God

Ancient Egyptians believed that after death, people must be judged and judged that their souls can be eternal life before they can have the opportunity to be resurrected. They believed that the Sun God was the master of the universe, and the "Pharaoh" exercised the divine rule as the son of the Sun God. The Nile God symbolizes the power of cyclical regeneration

Islam

Christianity

other

Holy Book

Monk body

Secular body

Portrait: Basic rules for lateral head, side of the head and feet, front of the chest and shoulders.

One man and god

Poetry first, then prose

Poetry includes secular poetry, religious poetry, hymn poetry, religious philosophy poetry, etc.

In terms of prose, there are teaching works such as preachings and proverbs, as well as rich stories and travel notes.

Art symbol

Space settings

Functional layout

As an ancient civilization based on irrigation, ancient Egypt is a classic example of a hydraulic empire. In addition, calendars, refining techniques, land measurement methods, and superb architectural techniques and mathematics knowledge have been created, and great achievements have been made in geometry, calendars, medicine, etc.

Especially in the belief in the sun god, he studied astronomy very early

The pyramids built more than 2,000 years earlier than ancient Greece completely adopted the golden ratio

1. The Kingdom of Upper Egypt and the Kingdom of Lower Egypt

2. Around 300 BC, the king of Upper Egypt, Menis conquered Lower Egypt and established the first dynasty of Egypt.

3. Early Dynasty (Dynasty 1-2, 2890-2680 BC)

4. Ancient Kingdom Age (3rd-6th Dynasty, 2700-2300 BC)

5. Middle Kingdom Age (11-12 Dynasty, 2134-1778 BC)

6. New Dynasty Era (18-22 Dynasty, 1570-1090 BC)

7. Ancient Egypt ended (31 Dynasty, 341-342 BC)

The period of dynasty represents a period of division, but every time the unity is unified, it maintains the characteristics of the original nation.

Representative: Temple of Marduke

City-states divided by terrain

The bay is tortuous, there are many good ports, and the transportation conditions are good

Free folk

Pantheistic land, God and man are the same as one’s own, and affirmation of God is the praise of man

Pay attention to physical exercise

Ancient times (30th to 12th century BC)

Homer's Period (11-8th century BC)

Ancient Style Period (7th to 6th century BC)

Heyday (5th to 4th century BC)

Beauty is the ratio of numbers, and numbers are the origin of the world

Created a golden ratio

Parthenon: known as the most beautiful temple in the world

Epidoros Theatre

Venus girl sculpture

The Romans snatched a large number of works of art from Greece

A large number of works of art created in Rome basically followed Greece

The themes of artistic creation mainly come from Greece

Christianity is not legally recognized, and the place of activity of believers is a secret place

Grotto art

church

Mainly religious buildings

church

Mosaic

Detailed painting

church

castle

monastery

Christian churches are no longer the only excellent and tall buildings in the city center. The city hall, court, palace, and hotel have achieved remarkable achievements. But the church is still the best

Gothic name source

Church features

Biando and others called the time between the decline of classical culture and the Renaissance after the decline of the Western Roman Empire as the Middle Ages

At the end of the 17th century, in the book "The Complete History", German historian Christopher Keller classified the entire history of mankind into such a period: the ancient period, the medieval period and the modern period. Since the 18th century, it has been used by the Western academic community for a long time.

A social state of the extremely conservative natural economy.

It has a political and social state with a scattered feudal pattern.

The whole of the medieval Christian thought was dominant.

It reflects an extreme ascetic worldview in philosophy.

Monks master education, making literature and art subordinate to theology, with obvious ignorance and superstition

The feudal knight literature mainly promotes the feudal loyalty to the emperor and the devout faith in God.

Architectural art is mainly church

Painting and carving are mainly Christian theological systems

1||| The first budding of the capitalist economy

2||| The final conflict with the feudal class

3||| The development of citizens' culture

4||| Excavation of excellent cultural heritage

5||| The emergence of philosophical thoughts - humanism (relative to asceticism)

1||| Re-understanding and wide application of the structure and style of classical architecture

2||| Emphasize the beauty of the human body in architecture

3||| Put the principles of practicality, economy and beauty to the theoretical level

4||| Scholars and artists participate in the design, decision-making and promotion of architecture

5||| Architectural style pursues grandeur, majestic and simplicity

Church of Santa Maria

Church of St. Mark, Venice

The Governor's Office of Venice

Uffizi Palace

"St. Peter's Basilica" designed by the great architect Bramante

The original pioneer

Giotto was the first painter in the Italian Renaissance to explore new ways of painting. In April 1334, he was appointed as the general director of the Florence Cathedral Project and was awarded the title of master. Many later art critics said that Giotto was the first genius to lay the foundation for painting. It is also the first initiator to explore European figure painting.

Representative work: St. Francis married to the poor, Judas's kiss, mourning Christ

Pioneer in painting

1401-1428

The characters in the work are full of expressions, strong physical strength, noble personality, self-confidence and self-esteem

Propose air perspective method

Representative work: "Exit Paradise"

Due to his ambitions and hedonistic ideas, the Holy See summoned many artists from other cities and places other than Rome, and they gathered in Rome to create together here.

No longer care about the absolute correctness of perspective anatomy, but focus on the fundamental effects of art and strong appeal.

Michelangelo

Raphael

Venice is the largest commercial center along the Mediterranean coast. The political system is a republic of the nobles. Free from foreign and pope constraints

The themes and content of the comedy nature of Lotte, secular and carnival, combining gorgeous colors and beautiful forms

Titian (1477-1576)

da Vinci

Raphael

Michelangelo

theme

form

Creative attitude

Davit

Angle

The romantic movement of art emerged after the bourgeoisie gained power. From a political point of view, it was a disappointment with the bourgeois rule and an artistic act caused by dissatisfaction with the social system at that time.

theme

form

Philosophy

Barry

Lyuth

Delacrova

Realism advocates objectively expressing real life and accurately describe reality according to the original appearance of life. It does not express myths, religions, history, and future.

Landscape painter. Faced with nature, sketching the scenery

"People's Painter". Born in a peasant family, simple and honest personality, loves the farmers in my hometown

The paintings that express the lower class people were not favored and were rejected by the painter and teacher many times, and instead directly copied the works of the Louvre

"Gathering", "Late Bell", "Sower", "The Man Leaning a Hoe" and "Feeding a Bird"

"Realist Painter"

A French realistic painter, he originally studied law, but because of his kindness, he changed to painting and was enthusiastic about participating in the revolutionary movement. His art has always been closely linked to his personal political life. He advocated finding creative subjects from real life. He advocated that students who study art must go out of the studio and go to real life to combine with life to learn. He broke the classical stereotyped expression method.

"The Masonry", "The Woman Sifting the Wheat", "The Studio", "Ao Nan's Funeral", "The Country Girl"

The main purpose is no longer to express the content of things, but only focus on the "light" and "color" in the artistic form. The Neo-Impressionist painter uses dot color to express the relationship between light and color, and is good at using the relationship between complementary color to form a strong contrast.

Representative figures

Manai

Monet

Renoir

Sisley

Looking at the world from a new perspective: no matter how complex the world is, it can be reduced to the simplest geometric form.

"The Crow Over the Wheat Field"

"Where do we come from?" Who are we? Where are we going? 》

The pioneer of expressionism

Idealist philosophy

Democracy

Utopian socialism

Scientific Socialism

Bergson's Intuitionism

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Transfer art from a deliberate and tense state to

Freedom and pursuit of personality and blooming

Enriched artistic vision in various fields

Arousing a new system, with a revolutionary role

Praise peace, oppose war, and dare to explore

Endless form exploration goes to extremes and breaks from life

Advocate the complete abandonment of tradition and enter into formalism and nihilism

Some artists have entered the front and betrayed the people's fundamental needs

"The Eyes Face Infinity Like Balloons" "The Pillar of Screaming"

Take flat color

Representative work "Dance"

The main pioneer of expressionism

The standard bearer of expressionism

Use strong contrasting colors to express, distorted lines, and deliberate exaggeration to express extreme passion, fear, anxiety, love and hatred of human beings

"Scream" "The Virgin Mary"

Qing Knight School of Painting (1911-1914)

Mondrian

Reorganize the material world and deconstruct the spiritual meaning of objects

Love peace, oppose war, dare to imagine innovation, have active imagination, and love all kinds of art

"Gernica"

Kolain: In 1961, the tall building fell freely, "the human body made a pen"

Art has no way out anymore because symbols are no longer visible, which almost put an end to modernism, so performance art emerged.

Advocate the complete abandonment of tradition, all artistic philosophy comes from the beginning, and cancel the painting on the shelf

Miro

Chagall

The purpose is to write first

Dual system: In addition to objective law, there are subjective law

Traditional Chinese art mainly pursues harmony and tranquility between man and nature

By paying attention to artistic conception and expressing image thinking, conveying the spirit and emotions, conveying the painter's subjective emotions, you can express your emotions through scenery and express your aspirations through objects.

Scatter perspective means that in terms of composition, Chinese painting breaks the limitations of time and space in a flexible way, arranges objects in different time and space according to the painter's subjective feelings and the laws of artistic creation, and constructs a space-time realm in the mind of the painter.

During the painting process, the object can change, and the human viewpoint can change, so it has great freedom, such as "Along the River During the Qingming Festival"

Result: Long scroll appears

Ink is divided into five colors

Transform the form of the picture into the natural form

Pay attention to brushwork, use the bone method, and the aesthetic value of "strength through the back of the paper"

Lines are expressed by pens, and the twists of lines, the smoothness of lines, the distortion of lines, the thickness of lines, and various changes in lines all require a certain amount of training to achieve the exquisite level of using the pen.

Eighteen strokes

It is not limited to superficial similarity, but emphasizes the highest state of "the wonderful thing lies in the difference between similarity and dissimilarity"

Shen Yun can only be understood but not expressed in words

In the Pythagoras School of thought, art originates from numbers and their harmony, and this harmony involves the issue of form

One-cent system: emphasizing objective method

Ration is the regulation of art, and the pursuit of objective, complete, true and scientific

Adopting scientific perspective and color theory, it expresses the spatial changes of near, far and small, and focuses on expressing the object's shape, perspective, texture, sense of quantity, and space

The basic principle of focus perspective is to focus the object in a concentrated place. Its characteristic is to conform to human visual reality and pay attention to scientificity. Under the guidance of the combination of art and science, master the space and laws of change of objects.

The position of the viewpoint, the position of the object, and the source of light cannot be easily changed.

Result: Close-up appears

Painting is an optical—Cezanne

Angel stressed: To eliminate lines in oil painting

Lines have no length and no volume

Emphasize realistic and observable, and focus on expressing shape, perspective, texture, volume, and space

Sketching is the foundation, and sketching is also the starting and most important link of cultivation and shaping.

Source of name: Monet's "Impression of Sunrise"

Pissarro, Manet, Degas, Cisley, Monet, Renoir

Re-examine the concept of "form" in art

Pay attention to the author's subjective personality

Pay attention to expressing the author's subjective emotions and emotions in the work

Pay attention to form expressiveness

Cézanne

Gauguin

van gogh

Van Gogh, Lauterrek, Klimt, Hodler, Monk

"Crows over the wheat field", "People walking on the road", "Sunflowers", "Starry Night", "Self-portrait", "Iris", "Sea of ​​Flowers", "Apricot blossoms", "Blooming peach blossoms", "Wheat Field and Cypress", "Orchard", "Lone Bird Flying in the Empty Wheat Field", "Wheat Field", "Sower", "Ar's Suspension Bridge", "Starry Sky"

"Gauguin's Chair" "Van Gogh's Chair"

"Coffee House at Night"

Content: Pay attention to the feelings of life and express the freedom of inner emotions

Use of the pen: Heavy, obvious strokes, unrestrained pen

Color: Bright, exaggerated, saturated

Brother Van Gogh

Starting from October 1888, Van Gogh spent sixty-two days in Al France. At first, the two got along very harmoniously, and Van Gogh did not hide his admiration and admiration for Gauguin at all, and eagerly hoped that Gauguin could inspire him in artistic terms. However, Van Gogh's excited fanaticism did not infect Gauguin. They painted together day and night, often drawing the same theme and the same scenery, but their observation methods were completely different

One day after two months of living together, Gauguin and Van Gogh fought for the young man and refused to return all night and wandered on the cold streets of Al. He found Van Gogh following him with a razor in his hand. Gauguin fled in panic, stayed in a hotel, and dared not go back

"Van Gogh with the Flowers and Sunflowers"

"Coffee House at Night"

Dutch Period (1882-1886)

Paris Period (1886-1888)

Al Period (1888-1889)

The period of Saint Remy and the Aofu (1889-1890)

Expressionist painting developed from Post-Impressionism, and the post-Impressionist painter Van Gogh opened the door to express his emotions.

Van Gogh's painting characteristics generally present a development context from realistic to expression, from rules to deformation, from stillness to movement, from objective to subjective, which is consistent with the brief history of European painting's transition from realistic to impressionism, post-impressionism, and expressionism since the 19th century.

reflect

Those who are good at ancient methods should be kept, those who are decisive will be followed, those who are not good at, those who are not good at, and those who are not good at, and those who are not good at, and those who are able to learn from Western paintings should be integrated.

Advocate the use of realisticism to improve Chinese painting, emphasize that sketching is the basis of all plastic arts, and formulate a step-by-step method

Xu Beihong spared no effort to promote realistic painting advocates using sketch as the basis for improving Chinese painting. Realistic paintings in the 1940s were highly valued because of the need for the War of Resistance; in the 1950s, Xu Beihong advocated combining them with "socialist realism" from the Soviet Union, thereby deriveing ​​new orthodox Chinese paintings.

Representative work

Xu Beihong Student

Jiang Zhaohe (1904-1986) is known as the master of modern Chinese ink painting in the 20th century. He integrated the strengths of Western painting on the basis of traditional Chinese painting, creatively expanded the skills of Chinese ink painting, and reached a new height in the history of Chinese figure painting.

The first generation

Second generation

The Lingnan School of Painting focuses on sketching, integrates the strengths of Chinese and Western paintings, and transforms Chinese painting with a innovative spirit and a strong sense of responsibility for the times. It not only maintains the brush and ink characteristics of traditional Chinese paintings, but also integrates the Western realistic spirit, creating a new pattern of modern painting with the spirit of the times and local characteristics.

Sub-theme

Liu Haisu (1896-1994) made important practices in integrating the spirit of Chinese and Western art and creating a new style of painting

Liu Haisu (1896-1994), an outstanding modern painter and art educator. He traveled to Japan and visited Europe to introduce modern Chinese art to the West, and at the same time introduced Western art to China, promoting the further development of modern Chinese art with his own artistic propositions and practices.

Sub-theme

What he gave up on the rigid rules of the academic school for the Western Lin Fengmian and chose the transitional historical stage from the Romantic school to the Cubism school. What he gave up on China was the brush and ink form of literati paintings, and chose early traditions and folk arts that were mainly based on the art of the Han and Tang Dynasties.

Lin Fengmian's fusion of Chinese and Western art combines the visual experience of ancient Chinese painting and modern Western painting, creating a new painting style that is different from both ancient and Western, known as "Lin Fengmian's style"

"Sakura Bird" "Er"

Academic directions proposed

When exploring the "nationalization of ink and wash", Wu Guanzhong tried to establish new values ​​in ink and wash, forming a new Chinese painting style with lines as the main and supplemented by points and surfaces.

Sub-theme

Picasso

Modigliani

Egon Schiller

Henry Mattis

Paul Klee

Henry Mishaw

The nature of spiritual production is not directly determined by the productivity of material production

The mental production mode has relative independence

Art production itself has historical inheritance

Adopt the combination of Western realism and Chinese freehand expression

Adopt a combination of Western focal perspective and Chinese scatter perspective

Combining light and dark contrast techniques and line outline techniques

Lang Shining's new style painting

Understand the history of art

Learn art theory

Appreciate art works

Master artistic skills

Ability to grasp the overall

The ability to deal with things

Ability to shape images

The creative process of art is actually a process of artistic understanding and expressing life. Art creation is a spiritual activity that is mainly carried out in the mind of an artist, but life must be used as a raw material and can only be realized through material means.

Art is a material spiritual activity, while design is a spiritual material activity

Aesthetic abilities that designers must possess

Design expresses care for people through material processing and creation. It develops to a certain extent and will integrate the components of art due to functional needs to further improve the design level and enrich the connotation of the design. This is reflected in the integration of art into design.

Spiritual production requires a certain degree of artistic cultivation, and artistic cultivation is a comprehensive reflection of people's artistic theoretical knowledge, artistic aesthetic vision and artistic practice level.

Utilitarian state to meet physiological and material needs

The ethical realm of coexistence and mutual love relationship between people

The political realm of mutual relationships based on crowd combination

Academic realm of creation through pursuit of truth and expressing

Religious realm of returning to the original and returning to the true nature, and the underworld is united with heaven and man

The artistic realm of expressing beauty with image as a symbol

One is a scientific state

One is artistic state